I BUILDING CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Fourth edition R. Chudley MCIOB and R. Greeno BA (Hons) MCIOB 1 1 [3UTTERWORTH iJE I N E M ANN LLRC MCAST) AMSTERDAM BOSTON HElOEL8ERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYONEY TOKYO CONTENTS Preface Ix Part One General Built environment 3 The structure 6 Primary and secondary elements 13 Construction activities 19 Construction documents 20 Construction drawings 22 Planning application 35 Modular coordination 40 Construction regulations 42 CDM regulations 43 Safety signs and symbols 44 Building Regulations 46 British Standards 52 European Standards 53 CPI System of Coding 54 CI/SfB system of coding 55 Part Two Site Works Site investigations 59 Soil investigation 61 Soil assessment and testing 68 Site layout considerations 75 Site security 78 Site lighting and electrical supply 81 Site office accommodation 85 Materials storage 88 Materials testing 93 Setting out 102 Levelling 106 Road construction 108 Tubular scaffolding and scaffolding systems 116 Shoring systems 128 Part Three Builders Plant General considerations 139 Bulldozers 142 Scrapers 143 Graders 144 Tractor shovels 145 Excavators 146 Transport vehicles 151 Hoists 154 Rubble chutes and skips 156 Cranes 157 Concreting plant 169 Part Four Substructure Foundations-function, materials and sizing 177 Foundation beds 185 Short bored pile foundations 190 Foundation types and selection 192 Piled foundations 197 Retaining walls 215 Basement construction 228 Waterproofing basements 235 Excavations 241 Concrete production 247 Cofferdams 253 Caissons 255 Underpinning 257 Ground water control 266 Soil stabilization and improvement 276 Part Five Superstructure Choice of materials 263 Brick and block walls 284 Gas resistant membranes 303 Arches and openings 308 Windows, glass and glazing 314 Domestic and industrial doors 334 Timber frame construction 345 Reinforced concrete framed structures 347 Formwork 360 Precast concrete frames 36S Structural steelwork 376 Composite timber beams 396 Timber pitched and flat roofs 400 Long span roofs 442 Shell roof construction 448 Rainscreen cladding 468 Panel walls and curtain walling 470 Concrete claddings 473 Thermal insulation 478 Thermal bridging 497 Sound insulation 500 Access for the disabled 505 Part Six Internal Construction and Finishes Internal elements 511 Internal walls 512 Construction joints 517 Partitions 518 Plasters and plastering 523 Dry lining techniques 525 Wall tiling 529 Domestic floors and finishes 531 Large cast insitu ground floors 537 Concrete floor screeds 539 Timber suspended floors 541 Timber beam design 545 Reinforced concrete suspended floors 547 Precast concrete floors 551 Raised access floors 554 Timber, concrete and metal stairs 555 Internal doors 578 Fire resisting doors 584 Plasterboard ceilings 586 Suspended ceilings 587 Paints and painting 591 Joinery production 595 Composite boarding 600 Plastics in building 602 Part Seven Domestic Services Drainage effluents 605 Subsoil drainage 606 Surface water removal 608 Road drainage 611 Rainwater installations 613 Drainage systems 615 Drainage pipe sizes and gradients 624 Water supply 625 Cold water installations 627 Hot water instaliations 629 Cisterns and cylinders 633 Sanitary fittings 636 Single and ventilated stack systems 639 Domestic hot water heating systems 642 Electrical supply and installation 646 Gas supply and gas fires 654 Services-fire stops and seals 658 Open fireplaces and flues 659 Telephone installations 667 Index 669 ... INDEX Access for disabled. 505-7 Basic formwork. 360--1 Access 10 sites. 10 Basic module grid. 40 Accommodation on sites, 76 Basic roof fonns. 400-2 Active earth pressures, 218 Basic types of structure. 8. I1 Adhesives. 395 Basins. 636 Admixtures, 235 Batch mixers. 170-1 Aerated concrete floor units. 551 Baths. 637 Aggregate samples. 95 Bay window. 324 Air lock hopper. 199 Beam and pot floor. 552 Air lest. 623, 641 Beam and slab raft. 195 Alternating tread stair. 562 Beam formwork. 361 - 2 Aluminium alloy in fill panels. 466 Beam to column connection. 368. 380 Anchorages. 373 Beam design: Anchor bars. 351 concrete. 352 3 Anchor slraps. 433 steel. 384- 6 Anglcdozers. 142 timber, 545 6 Angles, 376 Beams. 351. 377 81 Angles of repose, 244 Bearing piles. 197 Angle piling, 263 Beech. 599 Apex hinges, 390 Benchmark. 59. 102. 106-7 A pprovcd Documents, 46-8 Bending moment. 384, 388. 545 Approved inspector. 49 Bentonite. 200. 272- 3 Apron cladding panels. 474 Bib tap. 632 Apron flashing. 664 Binder. 591 Arches, 308- 10 Binders. 351 Asphalt tanking, 237-8 Binding. 130 Attached piers. 286- 7. 289 Birdcage scaffold. 123 Augers. 65 Blockhoard. 600 Automatic level. 106 Block plan. 27. 35 Average U value. 490. 498 Block walls. 515 7 Axial grid. 41 Bloom base. 194 Axonomclric projection. 24 Boarded web girder. 396 Bolcction moulding. 597 Backactcr. 141, 148.231 Ball box, 366. 380 Backguttcr. 664 Bonding bricks, 285-8 Backshore, 130 Bonnet tiles, 410. 414 Balloon frame, 345 Boot lintels, 311 Balustrade. 577 Bore hole. 60. 67 Bargeboard. 439 Borrowed light. 521 Barrel vaulls. 450- 2 Bottom shore. 130 Basement excavation, 228 31 Box beam. 396 Basement insulation. 240 Box caisson. 255 Basements. 228-40 Box. pile foundation. 207 Basic forms of structure. 8. 1I Braced structures. 398 669 Index Breather membrane. 409. 412 3,461 ironmongery, 319 Brick: metal. 318 illfill panels. 465 timber. 316-7 internal walls. 513 Castellated beam. 378 panel walls, 462 Cast insitu diaphragm walls, 233. 272 retaining walls, 2 J 6. 219 Cast insitu pile foundation, 211 strength. 306 Cast-in wall ties. 465 testing. 93 Cast-on fini shes. 477 underpinning, 259 Cavity barrier. 302. 346,4 12 Brick bonding: Cavity closer. 302. 411 2 attached piers. 289 Cavity tray, 310 English bond, 286 Cavity walls, 291 -2. 305 Flemish bond. 287 Cedar, 598 principles. 285 Ceilings: special bonds. 288 plasterboard, 528, 586 Brickwork cladding support. 463 suspended. 587- 90 Bridging of dpc's. 301 Cellular basement. 232 British Standards. 52 Cement grouts. 274 Buckling factor, 357 Central heating. 642-5 Builders plant. 139- 74 Centres. 309 Building control. 49 Certificates of ownership. 35. 39 Building Regulations, 46--9 Channel floor units, 552 Building Regulations application. 51 Channels. 376-7 Building Regulations exemptions. 50 Chemical dpc, 299-300 Built environment. 3 5 Chemical grouts, 274 Built-up roofing fell. 429 Chezy fonnula. 624 Bulk density. 73 Chimney pol. 22. 663 Bulking of sand. 94 Chimneys. 659. 662, 664 Bulld07:er. 142 Chipboard. 536. 601 Bus bar. 648 Ci rcular bay window. 324 Circular column. 355 Cab crane control. 165 Cisterns. 633. 638 Cable sizing. 651 Cl/ srn system. 55 Caissons, 255-6 Cladding panels. 464 Calculated brickwork. 306-7 Clamp vibrator. 174 Calculation of storage space, 89 Classification of piled foundations, 197 Camber arch, 309 Cla y culler, 199 Cantilever: Clear glass. 326 beam,35l Client. 43 foundations, 196 Climbing cranes. 164, 168 retaining wall, 221 Climbing form",ork, 223 scaffold, 125 Closed couple roof. 404 stairs, 566 Codes of Practice. 52 structures, 397 Cofferdams. 253 4 Cap tendons, 372 Coil wall tics. 222 Carbon emissions, 494 Cold bridging. 302. 497- 8 Carbon index, 487. 492, 494 Cold deck. 428 Cartridge fuse, 65 1 Cold water installations. 627 8 Cased pile foundation. 208 Collar roof, 404 Casein adhesive, 395 Column design. 356-7, 387 Casement windows: Col umn formwork. 363 4 670 U'u~x. Column to column weight batching. 250 connection. 367. 381 Concreti ng. 169 Column underpinning, 264 Concreting plant. 169-74 Columns, 355. 376--7. 380-1 Conductivity. 481-2 Combined column foundalion. 194 Conduit and fittings. 649-50 Combined melhod, 484 Conoids. 452 Combustion air. 665 Consolidation of soil. 74 Communicating information: Construction activities. 19 elevations, 26 Construction. Design and Hoor plans. 26 Management Regs .. 43 isometric projection. 24 Construction joints, Ill. 236. 517 orthographic projection. 23 Construction Regulations. 42 -3 perspective projection. 25 Consumer control unit. 648 sketches. 22 Contiguous piling. 27 1 Complete excavation. 230 Continuous column Composite beams. 396 foundations. 193 Composite boarding. 600-1 Contraction joints. I II Composite Hoors, 350. 552 Controlling dimensions. 40 Compositc lintels. 311 Controlling grid. 40 Compositc panel. 466 Controlling lines. 40 Composite piled foundation. 208 9 Cooker circuit cable. 650 Composite timber beams, 396 Coping stones. 215-6. 293 Compound sections. 377 Core drilling. 66 Compressed strawboard. 600 Core structures. 398 Compressible joints. 404, 462, Cored Hoor units. 552 517.571 Cor-ply beam. 396 Concrete: Cornice, 597 admixtures. 235 Corrugated sheet. 438--41 beam design. 352- 3 Coulomb's line. 73 claddings. 464. 473-5 Coulomb's wcdgc theory. 227 column design. 356--7 Counter buncn, 413 floor screcd. 539- 40 Couple roof, 404 mixcrs. 170-1 Cove mouldings, 527. 586 placing. 174 CO\/cr flashing. 664 production. 247- 52 CPI System of Coding. 54 pumps. 173 Cradles. 124 slab design. 352-3 Cranc operation. 165 stairs. 565- 73 Crane rail track, 167 surface finishes. 476 Cranes. 157--68 test cubes. 96 Cranc skips. 169 testi ng. 97- 9 Cranked slab stairs. 565. 57 1 Concrete production: Crawler crane. 161 designated mix. 251 Crcep.370 designed mix. 25 1 Crib relaining wall. 225 materials. 247 Crosswall construction. 343- 4 prescribed mix. 251 Crown hinges. 390 site stomge. 248 Curtain wa lling, 4702 specification. 251 Curved laminated timber. 394 standard mix. 251 Curved tendons. 372 supply. 252 Cut and fill. 241 volume batching. 249 Cylinders. 634 671 Index Dado panel. 597 sliding, 339. 341 Dado rail. 597 types. 335---6 Damp proof course. 296 302 Door set, 581 Damp proof course materials. 297- 8 Dormer window. 402. 427 Damp proof membrane. 296. )03 Double acting hanuners. 213 Datum. 102- 5 Double action noor spring, 585 Datum post, 102. 104 5 Double Hying shore. 132 Dead loads, 29- 30,134, 187 Double glazing. 317, 323. 328 Dead shoring, 128- 9. 134---5 Double hung sush windows, 320-1 Decorali\lc suspended ceiling. 590 Double lap tiling.