Policy Approaches to Open Education Case Studies from 28 EU Member States (OpenEdu Policies) Andreia Inamorato dos Santos, Fabio Nascimbeni, Paul Bacsich, Javiera Atenas, Stefania Aceto, Daniel Burgos, Yves Punie JRC 2017 EUR 28776 EN xx This publication is a Technical report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. Contact information Name: Andreia Inamorato dos Santos / Yves Punie Address: Calle Inca Garcilaso, 3 Edificio Expo, Sevilla, Spain Email: [email protected] / [email protected] JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC107713 EUR 28776 EN PDF ISBN 978-92-79-73495-3 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/283135 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017 © European Union, 2017 Reproduction and reuse is authorised provided the original source is acknowledged and the original meaning or message of the documents is not distorted. The European Commission shall not be held liable for any consequence stemming from the reuse. For further information and recommendations, see https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/open-education/legal-notice How to cite this report: Inamorato dos Santos, A., Nascimbeni, F., Bacsich, P., Atenas, J., Aceto, S. Burgos, D., Punie, Y. (2017) Policy Approaches to Open Education – Case Studies from 28 EU Member States (OpenEdu Policies). EUR 28776 EN, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, 2017, ISBN 978-92-79-73495-3, doi:10.2760/283135, JRC107713 All images © European Union 2017 Title Policy Approaches to Open Education – Case Studies from 28 EU Member States (OpenEdu Policies) Abstract This study provides the first-ever EU-wide overview of the state of play with policies on open education involving all the 28 Member States. For each Member State, a full account of their understanding of open education and strategic policy approach is given. Policy Approaches to Open Education in Europe Contents 1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 12 2 Methodology ................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Approach to the selection of policies ............................................................. 15 2.2 Approach to interviews ............................................................................... 16 2.3 Approach to integration and analysis ............................................................ 17 3 Countries’ desk Research, Analysis and Summary of the Interviews ....................... 18 3.1 Austria (AT) .............................................................................................. 19 3.2 Belgium (BE) ............................................................................................. 23 3.3 Bulgaria (BG) ............................................................................................ 26 3.4 Croatia (HR) .............................................................................................. 30 3.5 Cyprus (CY) ............................................................................................... 33 3.6 Czech Republic (CZ) ................................................................................... 37 3.7 Denmark (DK) ........................................................................................... 41 3.8 Estonia (EE) .............................................................................................. 45 3.9 Finland (FI) ............................................................................................... 48 3.10 France (FR) ............................................................................................. 54 3.11 Germany (DE).......................................................................................... 60 3.12 Greece (EL) ............................................................................................. 67 3.13 Hungary (HU) .......................................................................................... 71 3.14 Ireland (IE) ............................................................................................. 74 3.15 Italy (IT) ................................................................................................. 78 3.16 Latvia (LV) .............................................................................................. 82 3.17 Lithuania (LT) .......................................................................................... 85 3.18 Luxembourg (LU) ..................................................................................... 89 3.19 Malta (MT) ............................................................................................... 92 3.20 Netherlands (NL) ...................................................................................... 95 3.21 Poland (PL) .............................................................................................. 99 3.22 Portugal (PT) ......................................................................................... 105 3.23 Romania (RO) ........................................................................................ 109 3.24 Slovakia (SK) ......................................................................................... 115 3.25 Slovenia (SI) ......................................................................................... 118 3.26 Spain (ES) ............................................................................................. 123 3.27 Sweden (SE) .......................................................................................... 127 3.28 United Kingdom (UK) .............................................................................. 131 4 Analysis ........................................................................................................ 138 iii Policy Approaches to Open Education in Europe 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................ 138 4.2 Limitations of the Study ............................................................................ 138 4.3 Emerging approaches to policy for opening up education .............................. 138 4.4 Correspondence between policies and the OpenEdu Framework ..................... 139 4.5 Policy implementation and impact to date ................................................... 140 4.6 Key barriers and enablers during implementation ........................................ 143 4.7 Relation between policy and EU-level developments ..................................... 145 5 Suggestions by interviewees for Future Open Education Policies .......................... 147 5.1 Suggestions for the European Union ........................................................... 147 5.2 Suggestions for Member States ................................................................. 150 6 Suggestions for Further Research .................................................................... 153 7 Conclusion .................................................................................................... 154 iv Policy Approaches to Open Education in Europe Foreword The purpose of this document is to present a state-of-the-art on policies for open education in the European Union, with case studies from all 28 Member States. The diversity of polices and approaches presented herein reflect the diversity that is intrinsic to the European Union. Each Member State has specific goals for education and priority areas to address when formulating its policies. However, this research shows that Member States are aware of open education issues and that in one way or another nearly all of them have implemented some sort of initiative or action plan in relation to open education, even though that goal is not explicit in some cases. The case studies presented in this report suggest that the European Commission is one of the key players in supporting and promoting open education in Europe. To this end, although the European Commission has limited scope for requesting action from Member States, it has been taking a proactive approach in advising on the importance of open education for the modernisation of education systems in Europe. The European Commission has also been providing tools to support stakeholders in the development of their own open educational strategies (e.g. OpenEdu Framework, Digital Competences Frameworks, open science, open access). Besides arguing for and supporting open education in the 2013 Communication on open education and in the most recent Communications on school and higher education, the European Commission has also funded various projects on open education via the Horizon 2020 and other research and innovation programmes (e.g. European Open Science Cloud Declaration). Therefore, supporting a Europe-wide research project such as OpenEdu Policies, with the goal of finding out what policies are in place (and if there are none, enquiring as to why), is another initiative aimed at equipping Member States with a knowledge base on open education. It showcases ideas, frameworks and practices, and highlights opportunities for partnerships and knowledge-sharing