COUNTRY IN PERSPECTIVE ROMANIA Peleș Castle, Sinaia Flickr / Nico Trinkhaus DLIFLC DEFENSE LANGUAGE INSTITUTE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CENTER COUNTRY IN PERSPECTIVE | ROMANIA TABLE OF CONTENT Geography Introduction ................................................................................................................... 5 Geographical Divisions ............................................................................................... 6 Climate ........................................................................................................................... 7 Rivers ............................................................................................................................. 8 Danube ..................................................................................................................8 Major Tributaries ..................................................................................................8 Major Cities ................................................................................................................... 9 Bucharest ..............................................................................................................9 Iaşi ........................................................................................................................10 Cluj-Napoca ........................................................................................................ 11 Timişoara ............................................................................................................ 11 Constanţa ............................................................................................................12 Environmental Concerns ...........................................................................................13 Natural Hazards ..........................................................................................................14 Endnotes for Chapter 1: Geography ........................................................................15 Assessment ................................................................................................................ 20 History Introduction ................................................................................................................. 21 Ancient Romania ....................................................................................................... 22 The Magyars and the Tatars .................................................................................... 23 The New Principalities .............................................................................................. 24 The Ottoman Turks .................................................................................................... 24 The Habsburgs ........................................................................................................... 26 Revolution and the Rise of Russian Influence ...................................................... 27 Independent Romania............................................................................................... 28 Greater Romania (1918–44) .................................................................................... 29 Romania (1944–85) .................................................................................................. 30 Revolution and Freedom (1989–2000) ...................................................................31 Romania in the 21st Century ................................................................................... 32 Endnotes for Chapter 2: History .............................................................................. 34 Assessment ................................................................................................................ 40 2 COUNTRY IN PERSPECTIVE | ROMANIA Economy Introduction ..................................................................................................................41 Agriculture ................................................................................................................... 42 Manufacturing and Industry ..................................................................................... 43 Energy and Natural Resources ............................................................................... 43 Trade and Investment ............................................................................................... 45 Tourism ........................................................................................................................ 46 Banking and Finance ................................................................................................ 46 Standard of Living .......................................................................................................47 Employment Trends ................................................................................................... 48 Outlook ........................................................................................................................ 48 Endnotes for Chapter 3: Economy .......................................................................... 49 Assessment ................................................................................................................ 53 Society Introduction ................................................................................................................. 54 Ethnic Groups and Languages ................................................................................ 55 Religion ........................................................................................................................ 56 Cuisine ......................................................................................................................... 57 Traditional Dress ........................................................................................................ 58 Gender Issues ............................................................................................................ 59 Arts ............................................................................................................................... 59 Literature .............................................................................................................59 Visual Arts ..........................................................................................................60 Music....................................................................................................................61 Sports and Recreation .............................................................................................. 62 Endnotes for Chapter 4: Society ............................................................................. 63 Assessment ................................................................................................................ 67 Security Introduction ................................................................................................................. 68 Relations with the United States ............................................................................. 69 Relations with Neighbors ......................................................................................... 70 Bulgaria ...............................................................................................................70 Hungary ............................................................................................................... 71 Moldova ...............................................................................................................72 Serbia ..................................................................................................................73 Ukraine ................................................................................................................73 3 COUNTRY IN PERSPECTIVE | ROMANIA Police ............................................................................................................................74 Military ......................................................................................................................... 75 Romanian Army ................................................................................................75 Romanian Air Force ..........................................................................................76 Romanian Navy .................................................................................................76 Issues Affecting Stability .......................................................................................... 77 Outlook ........................................................................................................................ 78 Endnotes for Chapter 5: Security ............................................................................ 79 Assessment ................................................................................................................ 84 Further Readings and Resources Books ........................................................................................................................... 85 Articles ......................................................................................................................... 85 Films ............................................................................................................................. 86 Final Assessment Final Assessment .....................................................................................................