The 4 The 4th Canada-Japan Symposium th Canada-Japan Symposium on Peace and Security Cooperation on Peace and Security Cooperation RIPS June 10-12, 2005 Tokyo, Japan Research Institute for Peace and Security RIPS Research Institute for Peace and Security Printed in Japan Contents Preface Policy Recommendations Welcome Message ……………………………………………………………………………………1 Mr. Nobutaka Machimura, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Japan Mr. Pierre Pettigrew, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Canada Opening Remarks - Briefing on the Canadian Security Policy …………………………………… 5 Paul Chapin, Canadian Chairman Director General, International Security Bureau Session I: Review of Japan-Canada Cooperation for Peace and Security ……………………… 11 Dr. Akiko Fukushima, Director of Policy Studies and Senior Fellow, National Institute for Research Advancement（NIRA） ……………………………………………… 13 Mr. Ian Trites, First Secretary, Embassy of Canada in Japan ………………………………………………… 24 Session II: Post-Conflict Peace Consolidation …………………………………………………… 29 H.E.Kinichi Komano, Ambassador in charge of NGO, Afghanistan Assistance Coordination & Human Security, Ministry of Foreign Affairs ……………………………………………………… 31 Dr. Tim Donais, Assistant Professor, University of Windsor ………………………………………………… 35 Comments Ms. Eileen Olexiux, Deputy Head of Mission, Canadian Embassy in Kabul ………………… 46 Session III: Fight against terrorism ……………………………………………………………… 49 Dr. Toshiya Hoshino, Professor, Osaka University …………………………………………………………… 51 Dr. Brian L. Job, Professor, University of British Columbia ………………………………………………… 57 Session IV: Non-Proliferation, Arms Control and Disarmament ……………………………… 69 Dr. Setsuko Aoki, Professor, Keio University ………………………………………………………………… 71 Dr. Robert Lawson, Senior Policy Advisor, Non-proliferation, Arms Control and Disarmament, Foreign Affairs Canada …………………………………………… 80 Session V: Peace and Security in the Asia-Pacific Region ……………………………………… 101 Dr. Seiichiro Takagi, Professor, Aoyama Gakuin University ………………………………………………… 103 Dr. David Dewitt, Director, Centre for International and Security Studies, York University ……………… 112 Public Symposium …………………………………………………………………………………129 ① Review of Japan-Canada Cooperation Dr. Akiko Fukushima ………………… 131 ② Briefing of the last four symposiums Dr. Masashi Nishihara ………………… 134 ③ Post-Conflict Peace Consolidation Ambassador Kinichi Komano ………… 136 ④ Fight against terrorism Dr. Brian L. Job ………………………… 138 ⑤ Non-Proliferation, Arms Control and Disarmament Dr. Setsuko Aoki ……………………… 140 ⑥ Peace and Security in the Asia-Pacific Region Dr. David Dewitt ……………………… 142 ⑦ Current Situation in Afghanistan Ms. Eileen Olexiuk …………………… 145 Question & Answer ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 147 ANNEXES …………………………………………………………………………………………151 2005 Canada-Japan Agenda For Peace and Security Cooperation …………………………………………… 153 List of Participants ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 156 Symposium Program ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 158 Preface The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA), Research Institute for Peace and Security (RIPS), and Foreign Affairs Canada hosted in Tokyo on June 12, 2005 the Fourth Canada-Japan Symposium on Peace and Security Cooperation. The objectives of the symposium were to review and examine the current extent of cooperation between Canada and Japan in the field of peace and security and to explore possibilities for further collaboration. Bringing together Canadian and Japanese foreign ministry and defense officials, academics, NGO and media representatives, the symposium provided a valuable opportunity to enhance creative and productive dialogues between our two countries. The symposium originated as an initiative that was recommended in the 1997 Job-Nishihara Report, and its biannual meeting was agreed by Prime Ministers Chretien and Obuchi in the 1999 Canada-Japan Action Agenda for Peace and Security Cooperation. Since the first symposium in Vancouver in September 1998, two other symposiums were held in Tokyo in November 2000 and in Vancouver in November 2002. This fourth symposium had a couple of notable features. First, the fourth symposium was the first meeting since Prime Ministers Paul Martin and Junichiro Koizumi agreed to make it an annual event. We believed, that by making it an annual endeavor, we could further solidify our bilateral efforts in peace and security. Second, based upon our successful experiences in the previous three symposiums, the public session was prepared following the closed symposium. We believed that our collective knowledge should be shared with a greater number of people. We wish to thank all of the distinguished participants and presenters, whose collective expertise and commitments were the key to developing peace and security relationship between our two countries. This book contains papers and statements presented at the symposium. The opinions and views expressed herein represent those of the individual authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the governments of Canada and Japan, nor their respective institutes or organizations. Policy Recommendations In the sessions of the 4th symposium, the following are notable policy recommendations and comments. (1) Arms control and disarmament, and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction Japan and Canada should take strong initiatives in overcoming the impasse in arms control and disarmament, and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, as the engagement in these matters has become a challenge for maintaining international security. More specifically, cooperation in the areas of Container Security Initiative (CSI) and Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) was suggested. In addition, Japan and Canada should work together to strengthen the non-proliferation regime and promote joint research on verification of arms control and disarmament treaties. The issues of arms control and disarmament and the non-proliferation are often separately considered. Instead, these matters should be regarded as closely related, thereby requiring well-balanced achievements in both issue areas. A new framework to deal with these tasks should be established. For instance, it was suggested to create in the Asian region a non-proliferation regime and a nuclear weapon free zone. Furthermore, there is potentially room for bilateral cooperation in the area of space security, which has undergone considerable changes in recent times. (2) Post-conflict peace consolidation Japan and Canada are expected to play their envisaged roles in institutional maintenance in the security area. Specifically, suggested areas of cooperation include the establishment of Peacebuilding Commission, which was proposed by Secretary-General Kofi Annan at the High-Level Panel on UN reform, and the reform and implementation of international law better suited to the present international security environment. Such efforts include PSI and the International Criminal Court. Public security is paramount to realize peace consolidation and development in the post-conflict situations. Japan and Canada could seek cooperation in international civilian police, a field with increasing attention in the maintenance of public security. In post-conflict development assistance, the two countries should cooperate in the monitoring of development assistant projects. (3) Human security While Japan and Canada had not necessarily shared the common interpretation of the human security concept, such gap has been narrowed in recent years. Human security is indeed a promising issue area for the two countries to enhance cooperation. Concrete measures are required toward advancing cooperation in human security. (4) Post-conflict assistance in Afghanistan Japan and Canada have so far played significant roles in assisting the reconstruction of Afghanistan. The next task is to keep policy challenges in Afghanistan as ‘policy agenda’. In this regard, the two governments should well inform their own citizens of the various government activities in Afghanistan in order to receive public support. Also, Japan and Canada should make sustained efforts so that international organizations such as the United States continue to place due importance on the issue of Afghanistan. From this summer, Canada intends to send a PRT team to Afghanistan to increase its support in peace- building and development. This PRT team may potentially prove a concrete measure of Japan-Canada cooperation. (5) Counter-terrorism capacity building Canada and Japan could work together to help third countries strengthen their legal framework and law enforcement capacity in order to better respond to terrorist threats. Potential areas for collaboration include transport security and CBRN terrorism prevention. (6) Status of Canada-Japan symposium To connect this symposium to policy-making, it was suggested that this symposium be placed as ‘track two’ and an array of security meetings be annually held in the following order; Symposium, PM talk and MM dialogue. With this order, the results of this Canada-Japan symposium on peace and security are utilized at “track one” meetings and then issues raised at the “track one” meetings are brought back to the “track two” level for brainstorming in the following year. This would generate a cycle that more effectively utilizes this symposium. Welcome Message Welcoming Message by H.E. Mr. MACHIMURA Nobutaka, Minister for Foreign Affairs I am pleased to welcome all of you that have gathered here today to participate in the Fourth Japan- Canada Symposium on Peace and Security Cooperation. In