“CAROL I” NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY SECURITY AND DEFENCE FACULTY PROCEEDINGS THE 16TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE “STRATEGIES XXI” STRATEGIC CHANGES IN SECURITY PROCEEDINGS AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS “CAROL I” NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY (Highly appreciated publishing house within “Military science, intelligence and public order” of Titles, Diploma and University Certificates Awards National Council) Scientific Editors: April 09-10, 2020 Brigadier General Dorin Corneliu PLEŞCAN Colonel Professor Ion PURICEL, PhD Volume XVI, Part 2 Volume Colonel Professor Daniel GHIBA, PhD ISSN 2668-1994 Colonel Professor Lucian Dragoş POPESCU, PhD ISSN-L 2668-1994 Colonel Professor Ioana ENACHE,VOLUMUL PhD Lieutenant-Colonel Professor Tudorel LEHACI, I PhD Volume XVI, 5 948490 380361 40002 Part 2 Volume XVI, Part 2 Scientific Editors: Brigadier General Dorin Corneliu PLEȘCAN Colonel Professor Ion PURICEL, PhD Colonel Professor Daniel GHIBA, PhD Colonel Professor Lucian Dragoș POPESCU, PhD Colonel Professor Ioana ENACHE, PhD Lieutenant-Colonel Professor Tudorel LEHACI, PhD April 09 - 10, 2020 Bucharest, Romania INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE STRATEGIES XXI “Carol I” National Defence University Bucharest, Romania, April 09 - 10, 2020 INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Associate Professor Iulian CHIFU, PhD, (NDU) Brigadier General Dorin Corneliu PLEȘCAN (Rector of NDU) Associate Professor Florian BICHIR, PhD, (NDU) Colonel Professor Valentin DRAGOMIRESCU, PhD (NDU) Professor Constanţa Nicoleta BODEA, PhD (Academy of Economic Colonel Professor Daniel DUMITRU, PhD (NDU) Studies, Bucharest, Romania) Colonel Professor Ion PURICEL, PhD (NDU) Colonel (ret.) Professor Dănuț Mircea CHIRIAC, PhD (Hyperion Colonel Professor Daniel GHIBA, PhD (NDU) University, Bucharest, Romania) Colonel Professor Lucian POPESCU, PhD Carol-Teodor PETERFI, University of Tartu, Estonia Colonel Professor Ioana ENACHE, PhD (NDU) Colonel Sergiu PLOP (Military Academy of Armed Forces “Alexandru Colonel Associate Professor Marius Victor ROŞCA, PhD cel Bun”, Chişinău, Moldova) Colonel Professor Tudorel LEHACI, PhD (NDU) Lecturer Codrin-Dumitru MUNTEANU, PhD, (NDU) Colonel Professor Dorel BUŞE, PhD Colonel (ret.) Professor Eng. Toma PLEŞANU, PhD (Land Forces Professor Maciej MARSZALEK, PhD (War Studies University, Poland) Academy “Nicolae Bălcescu”, Sibiu, Romania) Lieutenant Colonel Associate Professor Andrzej SOBOŃ, PhD (War Colonel (ret.) Professor Ion ROCEANU, PhD (NDU) Studies University, Poland) Colonel Associate Professor Cosmin Florian OLARIU, PhD (NDU) Magistrate Lieutenant General Professor Erich CSITKOVITS, PhD Lieutenant Colonel Lecturer Cristian ICHIMESCU, PhD (NDU) (National Defence Academy, Austria) Associate Professor Alexandru LUCINESCU, PhD (NDU) Major-General Grudi Ivanov ANGELOV, (National Defence College Associate Professor Mirela IONIŢĂ, PhD (NDU) “G. S. RAKOVSKI”, Sofia, Bulgaria) Scientific Researcher II Mihai Ștefan DINU, PhD (NDU) Brigadier General Professor Eng. Bohuslav PŘIKRYL, PhD (University ORGANIZING COMMITTEE: of Defence, Czech Republic) CHAIRMEN: Brigadier General (ret.) Professor Eng. Rudolf URBAN, PhD (University Brigadier General Dorin Corneliu PLEȘCAN of Defence, Czech Republic) Colonel Professor Ion PURICEL, PhD Professor Zdenek ZEMANEK, CSc, PhD (Czech Republic) Colonel Professor Daniel GHIBA, PhD General Associate Professor Boguslaw PACEK, PhD (Poland) Colonel Professor Lucian POPESCU, PhD Navy Captain (ret.) Associate Professor Piotr GAWLICZEK, PhD Colonel Professor Ioana ENACHE, PhD (Poland) Colonel Professor Tudorel LEHACI, PhD Colonel Professor Tadeusz SZCZUREK, PhD (Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland) MEMBERS: Brigadier General Associate Professor Dipl. Eng. Boris ĎURKECH, Colonel Professor Daniel DUMITRU, PhD PhD (Armed Forces Academy of GMRS, Slovakia) Colonel Professor Valentin DRAGOMIRESCU, PhD Major General Professor Vuruna MLADEN, PhD (Military Academy, Colonel Professor Dorel BUŞE, PhD Serbia) Colonel Professor Dănuţ TURCU, PhD Brigadier General Professor Slaven ZDILAR, PhD (“Petar Zrinski” Colonel Professor Filofteia REPEZ, PhD Defence Academy, Croatia) Colonel Professor Mirela PUŞCAŞU, PhD Colonel Professor Mojca PEŠEC, PhD (Slovenia) Associate Professor Alexandru LUCINESCU, PhD Brigadier General Professor Meelis KIILI, PhD (Estonia) Captain Lecturer Ioan MITREA, PhD Professor Augustin MEAHER, PhD (Estonia) Associate Professor Mihaiela BUŞE, PhD Professor András PATYI, PhD (National University of Public Service, Lecturer Geta MITREA, PhD Hungary) Colonel Professor Dorin EPARU, PhD Colonel Gabor BOLDIZSAR, PhD (National University of Public Service, Lieutenant Colonel Lecturer Dan PETRESCU, PhD Hungary) Major Associate Professor Ciprian IGNAT, PhD Colonel Professor Laszlo KOVACS, PhD (National University of Public Colonel Mădălina-Daniela GHIBA, PhD Service, Hungary) Associate Professor Daniela COMAN, PhD Colonel-general (ret.) Professor Zoltan SZENES, PhD (National Associate Professor Polixenia OLAR, PhD University of Public Service, Hungary) Colonel Professor Ion CĂLIN, PhD Colonel Professor Christophe MIDAN, PhD (France) Colonel Dan COLESNIUC, PhD (DITC) Professor Larry WATTS, PhD (USA) Major Associate Professor Adi MUSTAŢĂ, PhD Professor Radu MIHALCEA, PhD (USA) Professor Luiza COSTEA, PhD Professor Adrian CURAJ, PhD (UEFISCDI, Bucharest, Romania) Associate Professor Sorina-Mihaela MARDAR, PhD Brigadier General Professor Eng. Ghiţă BÂRSAN, PhD (Land Forces Associate Professor Adriana RÎŞNOVEANU, PhD Academy “Nicolae Bălcescu”, Sibiu, Romania) Associate Professor Elena ȘUȘNEA, PhD Police Chief-Superintendent Professor Veronica STOICA, PhD (Police Lecturer Tania STOIAN, PhD Academy, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Bucharest, Romania) Lecturer Veronica PĂSTAE, PhD Police Chief-Superintendent Professor Cătălin ANDRUȘ, PhD (National Assisstant Professor Ecaterina MAȚOI, PhD Colege for Home Affairs, Bucharest, Romania) Colonel Gheorghe STOIU, PhD Professor Adrian-Liviu IVAN, PhD (National Intelligence Academy, Student Diandra ILUȚAN-PODĂREANU “Mihai Viteazul”, Bucharest, Romania) General (ret.) Professor Teodor FRUNZETI, PhD (Titu Maiorescu Conference Administrators: University, Bucharest, Romania) Colonel Associate Professor Cosmin Florian OLARIU, PhD Lieutenant Colonel Lecturer Cristian ICHIMESCU, PhD Desktop publishing: Liliana ILIE Cover designer: Andreea Elena GÎRTONEA ISSN 2668-1994 (print); ISSN 2668-2001 (online) ISSN-L 2668-1994 FOREWORD’ The papers reunited in the present volume have been submitted to The Sixteenth International Scientific Conference “Strategies XXI – Strategic Changes in Security and International Relations”, planned to be hosted by National Defence University “Carol I” in Bucharest, Romania, 09-10 April 2020. Throughout the last year, the transformations in international relationships, the security challenges and crises emerging in almost all areas around the world, have demonstrated that predictability is still an illusion. The recent events in the entire world, not only in the Eastern and Southern regions of Europe have proven that detailed analyses are needed in order to reveal the impact of those challenges on strategic relationships. Increasing the importance of artificial intelligence, the nonproliferation policy, the spread of terrorist acts, the tense transatlantic relation, the Syrian crises and the Turkish actions, the tensions in the eastern part of Europe as well as in the proximity of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea areas, and last but not the list, the global scale COVID-19 Pandemy, are just a few of the security challenges that the states from the region and also the international and regional organizations are dealing with. All this spectrum of threats, especially its synergic effect, influences dramatically the entire human existence and is playing a substantial role in reshaping both global, regional and national security policies and strategies; that is why there are many questions regarding the way the international community should respond to these kinds of threats. Already formulated questions: „Should credibility of conventional deterrence and collective defence be rebuilt in the light of Russian new policy and its subsequent hybrid strategy?, or Crisis management operations should be the key to the future type of operations, and in that case should EU and NATO efforts improve their capabilities in that direction?” remains, and new others just rise from now on: Considering the current global scale Covid-19 Pandemy, is it the national or regional crisis management the proper, efficient and effective answer, or should be a global approach the correct answer for such challenge we are facing now and we will face, surely, in the next couple of years?” In the future it is certain that the societies will be even more interconnected than they are today, continuing, either to benefit from globalization, either to loose due to no understanding its trends. The interaction between great powers, the less economically developed states, and non-state actors will achieve new dimensions, cyber attacks and sponsoring the terrorism will be new ways of exerting influence. Yet today terrorism, asymmetric and hybrid threats, health and environmental challenges, economic volatility, climate changes and energy insecurity endanger our people and the entire globe. The center of gravity of global economic power is continuing to shift between Euro-Atlantic Region and Asia-Pacific Region, resulting a change in the balance of power and an increasingly inter- polar world.