View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Siberian Federal University Digital Repository Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 8 (2012 5) 1092-1102 ~ ~ ~ УДК 612+572; 797.2.215 Sports Selection-Based Optimisation of Physical Exercise Load for Finswimmers Vladimir V. Ivanitsky and Olga N. Moskovchenko* Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041 Russia 1 Received 14.06.2012, received in revised form 16.07.2012, accepted 17.07.2012 It is proposed to consider optimal management of the exercise load for 10-year-old school children attending Youth Underwater Sports School. Exercise load optimisation is based on the factors that influence the efficiency of finswimming training in the initial training groups and methods of sports selection. In order to evaluate the factors that influence the efficiency of training we have selected research methods considering age peculiarities. During a one-year experiment some initial notions of the optimisation theory and ideas about different approaches to the problem of optimal management of the training process have been formed. Anthropometric examinations allowed to determine indicators of physical development and their contribution into the results of control distances using correlation analysis. A correlation analysis-based complex of special exercises for finswimmers has been developed. Out of all possible options of influence those have been chosen that more efficiently allow to learn finswimming. Such a method of training is offered that is based not only on development of a general physical and swimming base, but also on learning coordination techniques in accordance with the sensitive period of development. Special attention is paid to technical training at the initial stage, to the method of starting, turning and distance speed in particular. For the first time it has been proposed to consider a summary indicator of success in young sportsmen training. Keywords: finswimming, sports selection, optimisation, training process, special exercises, swimming technique, correlation analysis. Introduction ability to mobilize the resources at the important The problem of physical exercise optimisation start. based on preliminary sports selection is very up- In numerous studies (Bril, 1980; Bryankin, to-date. This is due to the fact that world records 1982; Bulgakova, 1978; Bulkin, 1975; Guzhalovsky, at the international and Olympic arenas are set 1986; Zelichenok, 2000; Moskovchenko, 2005 up by young athletes. Maximum physical and et al.) it is highlighted that the training process psychological loads are extremely increasing, can be optimized by qualitative selection and thus demanding much not only from the athletes’ sports orientation. Hence, it is necessary to study health, but from their behavioural response and in detail individual peculiarities of children * Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected] 1 © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved – 1092 – Vladimir V. Ivanitsky and Olga N. Moskovchenko. Sports Selection-Based Optimisation of Physical Exercise Load… and teenagers who aim for top sports results. process. Optimisation of the training process Moreover, in the process of sports selection those and the level of the athlete’s proficiency depends missing links can be identified that can prevent thereupon. Therefore, solving the problem of the from achieving significant results in the future sports selection is one of the most important areas even if the athlete has doubtless motorial abilities. of modern sports science. This point of view is also shared by the authors Notwithstanding certain success in (Filin, 1987; Shwarts, 1984), who think that for studying the problem in specific kinds of sports sports and optimisation of the training exercise (M.S. Bril, N.Zh. Bulgakova, G.S. Tumanyan load it is necessary to consider the criteria of et al.) and development of general methodology selection, state of health and analyser systems of of sports selection (M.S. Bril, A.I. Bryankin, the organism, morphological features, the level of V.M. Volkov, V. P. Filin, V.B. Shwarts, S.V. physical fitness and coordination capabilities. Khrushchev et al.), materials on the issues of According to the opinion of N. Bulgakova selecting swimmers and finswimmers are almost and A. Vorontsov (1990) forecasting of the result absent. is an important element of the optimal approach Moreover, anthropometric indicators of to the sport fitness and potential of swimmers. physical development and ontogenetic dynamics Forecasting of the swimmer’s potential should be of individual type peculiarities of the organism done in two stages. At the initial stage of selection of children and teenagers who practice speed morphological, strength, bioenergetic and kinds of underwater swimming depend much on sensory-motor indicators are studied that limit the the sports kind and practicing of the movement level of sports achievements. Afterwards basing technique. This has served as the subject of this on the obtained statistic material, estimation study. scales or tables are built and summary estimation Objective of the study. To optimize physical of the sports potential is derived. exercise load for beginning finswimmers basing V. Bulkin (1975) considers that optimisation on the correlative dependence of the indicators should be understood as a system merger of of sports selection and their contribution into the the results of pedagogic control, modeling and result at control distances. forecasting in which all the above mentioned components are considered as system forming Materials and methods of study structural elements. Yu. Kurashmin (1986) is In a one-year experiment 30 10-year-old of the same opinion. He considers the problem children (15 girls and 15 boys) took part. They did of optimisation in swimmers’ training as the not know how to swim and were trained in initial object of system analysis based on the tendency training groups 6 hours per week. The training of sports results improvement. Comparing the programme corresponded to the programme time spent for doing standard exercises (from of Youth Underwater Sports School; 90% of the third class to the master of sport levels) the the training time was devoted to training and author determines potential abilities of an athlete. mastering of crawl and dolphin finswimming, Herewith, special attention is paid to age and time exercise of the main elements of starting and of performing each standard exercise depending turning techniques. on the training stage. One of the objectives of the experiment was Information analysis showed that sports aimed at selection of methods, which determine selection is considered as a long-term multi-stage medical, biological and pedagogical criteria of – 1093 – Maximum oxygen consumption was calculated according to the formula (A.G. Dembo, 1986). Nervous processes and indicators of psychomotor abilities (accuracy of reproducing movements’ amplitude, muscular efforts and time Maximum oxygen consumption was calculated according to the formula (A.G. periods) were assessed using O.N. Moskovchenko’s method (1999). Dembo, 1986). Nervous processes and indicators of psychomotor abilities An omegametric method is measuring of an indicator of difference of (accuracy of reproducing movements’ amplitude, muscular efforts and time potentials between the points of head vertex and tenor of the right and the left periods) were assessed using O.N. Moskovchenko’s method (1999). hands, vector of the potential dynamics by the first minutes after a standard An omegametric method is measuring of an indicator of difference of physical exercise expressed in millivolts. Registration of the omega-potential was potentials betweenVladimir V. Ivanitsky the andpoints Olga N. Moskovchenko.of head vert Sportsex Selection-Based and tenor Optimisation of the of Physicalright Exercise and Load…the left done according to the currently accepted method (A.G. Sychev, V.A. Ilyukhina, hands, vectorselection ofin orderthe topotential forecast sports dynamics abilities and by dolphinthe firstmethods. minutes The dynamometer after a registeredstandard 1980, modified by O.N. Moskovchenko, 1996, 1997, 2004). physical potentialexercise of an expressed athlete. in millivolts. Registrationthe maximum of thetractional omega-potential efforts when wasthe To assess the specific power of a finswimmer the “Dynamometry of the done accordingDuring to thethe experiment currently anthropometric accepted method sportsmen (A.G. were Sychev,swimming dolphinV.A. Ilyukhina,or crawl on tractional measurementsforce” method were done wasin accordance applie withd usingchest. a dynamometer and O.N. 1980, modified by O.N. Moskovchenko, 1996, 1997, 2004). Moskovchenko’sthe methods method of obtaining (1976). information Athletes about were Theoffered following to special extend exercises the were elastic used as To assess the specific power of a finswimmer the “Dynamometry of the tractional physicalforce bydevelopment working method with (Moskovchenko, their legs using control crawl tests andin order dolphin to assess methods.the development The of tractional1998). force” Criteria methodof physical wasdevelopment applie wered usingthe finswimming a dynamometer technique: and O.N. dynamometer registered the maximum tractional efforts when the sportsmen were Moskovchenko’sheight, weight, method weight-height (1976). index, Athletes chest were− slidingoffered on theto chest extend underwater