The Drug Situation in Norway 2009 Annual report to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction – EMCDDA SIRUSIRUSS Norwegian Institute for Alcohol and Drug Research 2 The Drug Situation in Norway 2009 Foreword Since 2001, SIRUS has been the Norwegian Fo- provided in last year’s report has been repeated. cal Point for the European Monitoring Centre References are included instead. However, we for Drugs and Drug Addiction - EMCDDA. All hope that the content will be prove useful to rea- member countries submit an annual national re- ders who wish to familiarise themselves with the port and, in addition, a number of standardised drugs situation in Norway. SIRUS wishes to tables, mainly epidemiological data. They have express its gratitude to all that helped in the pre- been submitted separately to the EMCDDA. paration of the report. Our thanks go in particular to the co-authors who have made textual contri- As in previous years, this 9th national report on butions and to the author of the selected topic. the drug situation in Norway has been drawn up in accordance with the reporting guidelines com- Oslo, December 2009 mon to all 30 member states in the EMCDDA. Since the report is intended to be brief and to pri- Odd Hordvin marily cover important development trends, it may appear fragmentary. Little of the information Head of Focal Point Forord SIRUS har fra 2001 vært det norske kontaktpunktet i sette seg inn i forhold på narkotikaområdet. Rap- EU’s narkotikaovervåkingsbyrå - EMCDDA. Hvert porten er på engelsk, men med et sammendrag år leverer alle medlemslandene en nasjonal rapport også på norsk. To spesialtemaer er nye av året, og en rekke standardiserte tabeller, mest innen epi- om cannabismarkedet og om problembruk av demiologi. Disse er blitt sendt EMCDDA separat. amfetamin og metamfetamin. De fleste dataene er fra 2008, mens teksten er oppdatert frem til Som i tidligere år er denne niende nasjonale rap- høsten 2009. SIRUS ønsker å takke alle som har porten om narkotikasituasjonen i Norge blitt ut- bidratt. Vår takk går spesielt til medforfatterne arbeidet etter retningslinjer felles for alle 30 og til forfatterne av spesialtemaene. medlemslandene i EMCDDA. Siden rapporten skal være kortfattet og mest omhandle sentrale Oslo, desember 2009 utviklingstrekk, kan den oppfattes som fragmen- tarisk. Informasjon som ble gitt i fjorårets rap- Odd Hordvin port er i liten grad blitt gjentatt, i stedet er det gjort henvisninger. Rapporten tar ellers ikke mål Leder av det norske kontaktpunktet av seg til å gi et fullstendig bilde av det som skjer på rusmiddelfeltet i Norge. Vi håper likevel at innholdet kan være av interesse for de som vil Annual report to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction – EMCDDA 3 Authors Editor: Authors of selected issues: Odd Hordvin, SIRUS Chapter 11: Paul Larsson, The Norwegian Police University College Reference group: Chapter 12: Jørgen G. Bramness, The Norwegian Astrid Skretting, Marit Edland-Gryt, Anders Centre for Addiction Research Bryhni, Jostein Rise. All SIRUS. Translation: Co-authors: Allegro Language Services, Bergen Chapter 1: Torbjørn Brekke, Ministry of Health and Care Services Chapter 3: Maj Berger Sæther, Directorate of Health Chapter 4: Ellen J. Amundsen, SIRUS Chapter 6.1: Hans Blystad, Norwegian Institute of Public Health Chapter 6.2: Einar Ødegård, SIRUS Chapter 9.3 and 9.5: Rune Fjeld, Ministry of Justice and the Police Chapter 10.3 Tormod Bønes, National Criminal Investigation Service 4 The Drug Situation in Norway 2009 Contents Foreword . 2. 4 . Problem drug use . 27 Authors . 3. 4.1 Prevalence and incidence estimates Summary –main findings . 6. of PDU . 27 PART A: New developments and trends . .11 4.1.1 Calculating the number of injecting drug users ........................27 1 . Drug policy: legislation, strategies 4.1.2 Problem heroin users . 28 and economic analysis . 12 4.2 Data on PDU from non-treatment 1.1 Legal framework . .12 sources ............................28 1.2 Institutional framework, strategies 4.2.1 From the injection room scheme and policies . 12 in Oslo . .28 1.2.1 Norwegian National Action Plan on 5 . Drug-related treatment: treatment demand Alcohol and Drugs . .12 and treatment availability . .30 1.3 Economic analysis . 14 5.1 Strategy/policy ......................30 1.3.1 Public expenditures . 14 5.2 Trends of clients in treatment and cha- 1.3.2 Social costs . 16 racteristics of treated clients ..........31 2 . Drug use in the general population 5.2.1 Data from the national client survey . 31 and specific target groups . .17 5.2.2 Profiles of clients in opioids substitution 2.1 Drug use in the general population.....17 treatment . 32 2.2 Drug use in the school and 6 . Health correlates and consequences . .34 youth population ....................17 6.1 Drug-related infectious diseases ......34 2.2.1 The ESPAD survey 2007 . 17 6.1.1 HIV and AIDS ......................34 2.2.2 Drug use among youth aged 15 to 20 .17 6.1.2 Hepatitis..........................35 2.3 Drug use among young adults.........22 6.2 Drug-related deaths and mortality of drug 3 . Prevention . 23 users ..............................35 3.1 Universal prevention .................23 7 . Responses to health correlates and consequences . .38 3.1.1 School . .23 7.1 Psychiatric and somatic comorbidity ...38 3.1.2 Family............................23 3.1.3 Community . .23 8 . Social correlates and social reintegration .39 3.2 Selective prevention in at-risk 8.1 Social reintegration . .39 groups and settings . .24 8.1.1 Increased use of individual plans .....39 3.2.1 Measures aimed at immigrant youth’s 8.1.2 Trial scheme involving coordinating use of drugs and alcohol ............24 ‘representatives’ for people with drug 3.3. Indicated prevention.................25 or alcohol dependency in the municipalities . .39 3.3.1 Early intervention . 25 8.1.3 Qualification programme . .39 3.4 National and local media campaigns . .25 Annual report to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction – EMCDDA 5 8.1.4 Strengthen housing services for people PART B: Selected issues . 55 with drug or alcohol problems .......40 11 . Cannabis markets and production . 56 9 . Drug-related crime, prevention of drug-related crime and prison . .41 11.1 Markets . 56 9.1 Drug-related crime . .41 11.1.1 Cannabis domestic production . .56 9.1.1 Drug law offences..................41 11.1.2 Consumer markets share of different cannabis products . 56 9.1.2 Organised crime in Norway..........42 11.1.3 Distribution of cannabis at 9.2 Other drug-related crime.............42 national level . 56 9.2.1 Driving offences . .42 11.1.4 Cannabis prices ..................57 9.3 Interventions in the criminal 11.2 Seizures . 58 justice system ......................44 11.2.1 Supply reduction organisation and 9.3.1 Alternatives to prison . 44 activities .........................58 9.3.2 Other interventions in the criminal 11.2.2 Smuggling routes and modus justice system .....................44 operandi.........................59 9.4 Drug use and problem drug use in 11.2.3 Seizures of plantations ............60 prisons ............................44 11.2.4 Breakdown of cannabis seizures by 9.5 Responses to drug-related health product and by amount seized 2008 . 60 issues in prisons . 45 11.3 Offences . 60 10 . Drug markets . 46 12 . Problem ampthetamine and 10.1 Availability . 46 methamphetamine use, related consequences and responses . 61 10.1.1 Heroin use in Norway..............46 12. 1 Introduction .......................61 10.2 Supply ............................46 12.2 Epidemiology of amphetamine and 10.2.1 Smuggling routes to Norway . .46 methamphetamine use . .61 10.2.2 Geographical regions that affect the 12.2.1 Trends and patterns of crime situation . .47 (meth)amphetamine use . 61 10.3 Seizures . 49 12.2.2 Epidemiological studies . .62 10.3.1 Proportion of heroin seized in 12.2.3 Results..........................63 relation to estimated annual consumption .....................49 12.3 Treatment for (meth)amphetamine use . 64 10.3.2 Seizure statistics for 2008 ..........49 12.4 Discussion ........................65 10. 4 Price of illicit drugs at retail level . 53 10.5 Purity/potency/composition of References . 68 illicit drugs and tablets ..............53 Summary in Norwegian . .72 Appendix:Lists . .76 6 The Drug Situation in Norway 2009 Summary –main findings Main report –Part A National policies and context On 15 June 2009, the Norwegian parliament de- dency, thus resulting in greater social inclusion cided to make the temporary Act relating to in- and better life coping. jection rooms permanent. The injection room scheme will serve as a supplement in an overall In connection with the Directorate of Health’s chain of measures targeting those with major grant schemes, great emphasis is placed on eva- health problems who have difficulty quitting luating the measures and earmarking funds for their drug use. Based on local needs, the indi- this purpose. The goal is to help to improve qua- vidual municipalities can decide whether they lity and to support knowledge-based strategies wish to establish an injection room scheme. The and measures by ensuring continuity and local legislative amendments with pertaining regula- support. tions enter into force on 17 December 2009. Drug use among young people The Government’s action plan for the drugs and The latest ESPAD survey among 15 to 16-year- alcohol field was presented to the Storting in Oc- old school students was carried out in 2007. The tober 2007. It includes goals and measures for figures showed stability and, in part, a decline in prevention, treatment and rehabilitation and en- relation to previous surveys. The decline is most tails a gradual escalation of funding in the period pronounced in the use of cannabis. In 2007, up until 2010. The Directorate of Health is re- around six per cent stated that they had ever sponsible for implementing large parts of the used cannabis, while the corresponding figure drugs and alcohol policy.