National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Haleakalā National Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2011/453 ON THE COVER A bird’s eye view over Ka Moa o Pele cinder cone, flanked by dark and light lava flows descending through the Ko‘olau Gap to the Ke‘anae Valley. ON THE COVER National Park Service photograph courtesy Description of image/photo used on front cover Russell Shurtz (Haleakalā National Park) National Park Service photograph courtesy xxxxx (Team Awesome NP) (or other credit line) THIS PAGE THIS PAGE One of the many waterfalls along the Pipiwai Description of image/photo used on front cover Trail in the Kīpahulu section of Haleakalā National Park Service photograph courtesy xxxxx (Team Awesome NP) (or otherNational credit Park. line) Layer after layer of volcanic rock built up the island of Maui. National Park Service photograph. Haleakalā National Park Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/GRD/NRR—2011/453 National Park Service Geologic Resources Division PO Box 25287 Denver, CO 80225 September 2011 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government. Printed copies of this report are produced in a limited quantity and they are only available as long as the supply lasts. This report is available from the Geologic Resources Inventory website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/ gre_publications.cfm) and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/nrpm/). Please cite this publication as: Thornberry-Ehrlich, T. 2011. Haleakalā National Park: geologic resources inventory report. Natural Resource Report NPS/ NRSS/GRD/NRR—2011/453. National Park Service, Ft. Collins, Colorado. NPS 162/110519, September 2011 ii NPS Geologic Resources Division Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................ iv Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................... vi Credits ........................................................................................................................................................................ vi Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Geologic Resources Inventory ............................................................................................................... 1 Park Setting ................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Geologic Issues .............................................................................................................. 7 Wind and Water Erosion and Mass Wasting ................................................................................................................. 7 Coastal Erosion and Relative Sea Level Rise ................................................................................................................... 7 Volcanic Activity and Hazards ....................................................................................................................................... 8 Seismic Activity and Tsunamis ...................................................................................................................................... 9 Geologic Features and Processes ................................................................................ 13 Haleakalā Volcano ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 Paleomagnetic Record ................................................................................................................................................ 14 Pleistocene Glaciation ................................................................................................................................................ 14 Geology and Early Settlement .................................................................................................................................... 14 Geology and Biology Connections .............................................................................................................................. 15 Martian Comparisons ................................................................................................................................................. 16 Geothermal Resource Potential .................................................................................................................................. 16 Geologic History .......................................................................................................... 21 Pre-Quaternary History of the Pacific Basin ................................................................................................................. 21 Evolution of the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain .................................................................................................. 21 Geologic Map Data ...................................................................................................... 31 Geologic Maps ........................................................................................................................................................... 31 Source Maps .............................................................................................................................................................. 31 Geologic GIS Data ...................................................................................................................................................... 31 Geologic Map Overview ............................................................................................................................................. 32 Map Unit Properties Table .......................................................................................................................................... 32 Use Constraints .......................................................................................................................................................... 32 Geologic Map Overview Graphic ................................................................................ 33 Map Unit Properties Table .......................................................................................... 35 Glossary ........................................................................................................................ 39 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................ 41 Additional References ................................................................................................. 46 Geology of National Park Service Areas ...................................................................................................................... 46 Resource Management/Legislation Documents ........................................................................................................... 46 Geological Survey Websites ........................................................................................................................................ 46 Other Geology/Resource Management Tools .............................................................................................................. 46 Appendix: Scoping Session Participants .................................................................... 47 Attachment 1: Geologic Resources Inventory Products CD HALE Geologic Resources Inventory Report iii List of Figures Figure 1. Panoramic view of the Island of Maui ...........................................................................................................