
Disaster Sanitation The Problem We Are Reminded Daily On Friday (Sept. 28), a 7.5-magnitude earthquake hit near Sulawesi, Indonesia bringing down buildings and, in some areas, turning the ground to liquid in a process called "liquefaction" and moving entire neighborhoods. Shortly after, a tsunami with waves of up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) hit the coast Map of the September 28, 2018 Earthquake near Palu, Indonesia Cascadia Subduction Zone Scenario • The Cascadia subduction zone off Washington’s coastline is 684 miles (1,100 kilometers) long, extending from Brooks Peninsula on Vancouver Island to Cape Mendocino in California. • It is capable of producing earthquakes on the order of magnitude 9.0. Such an earthquake would be comparable to Japan’s great Tohoku earthquake and tsunami in March of 2011. Could Happen Anytime 1700 Quake Geologic Description The southern Whidbey Island fault (SWIF) stretches from the vicinity of Victoria, B.C., across Puget Sound as far as the Cascade Range. This scenario was modeled on the part of the SWIF from Woodinville to just west of Whidbey Island. The SWIF has been assessed by the USGS as capable of generating the largest crustal earthquake in Puget Sound. file:///C:/Users/Mark/AppData/Local/Microsoft/Windows/INetCach e/Content.Outlook/FG0696LK/whidbey%20island%20fault%20zone. pdf Liquefaction Areas https://www.dnr.wa.gov/programs-and-services/geology/geologic- hazards/geologic-hazard-maps#tsunami-inundation http://www.dnr.wa.gov/Publications/ger_ofr2005-1_tsunami_hazard_anacortes_whidbey.pdf Cascadia Possible Recovery Time Treatment facilities: 1month–3 months in zones of no liquefaction; 3 months–1 year in liquefaction zones Sewer pipes: 1 month–3 months in zones of no liquefaction; 1 year–3 years in liquefaction zones http://www.dnr.wa.gov/Publications/ger_ic114_resilient_washington_state.pdf Isn’t Over Quickly Will Do A Lot of Damage 1) What is community resilience? 2) What advantages would a resilient community have after an earthquake? Disaster Resilience the Secret Weapon By themselves and Computer Tech Our Neighbors! Carpenter - CERT/ alone, limited Can fix Engineer electronics skills very Sheriffs Deputy / Attorney CERT Plumber challenging to That sings and Nurse that is good exist comfortably plays the banjo with animals, alone HAM Radio Operator / Horse woman Fireman / Pet Store Owner Mechanic / Seamstress Good with kids Likes to camp Hunter - CERT Fisherman / Teacher Cook Baker / Shoe Store As a Neighborhood Village that is pre-organized to DART Drop Zone work together containing Farmer / Gardener varied skills, a strong and 1000Gal LP Tank Electrician - CERT resilient community / Child Care Expert https://www.co.jefferson.w a.us/DocumentCenter/View /3277/Think-Plan-Do-2018-- -Booklet-detailing- preparation-for-a-disaster- in-JeffCo?bidId= https://www.co.jefferson.wa.us/DocumentCenter/View/3277/Think-Plan-Do- 2018---Booklet-detailing-preparation-for-a-disaster-in-JeffCo?bidId= What skills or areas do you need to address in being resilient? Individual, NeighborhoodW Community Resilience Preparation Individual, NeighborhoodW Community Resilience Preparation If your neighbors aren’t prepared Your not! Neighborhood & Comm. Prep. Organization MYN, Home, Car, CERT Food Water Storage Storage Cooking Purification Energy Rescue Supplies Electrical, Gas & Distribution Individual, Wood, Solar Neighborhood Community Resilience Preparation Shelter Prep., Warmth Security Dryness, Indoor Camping Communication Sanitation HAM, FRS Net. Hygiene TV, Radio Pee, Poo Disposal Medical Laundry, Showers Search & Rescue Skills, Supplies CERT Neighborhood & Comm. Prep. Organization MYN, Home, Car, CERT Food Water Storage Storage Cooking Purification Energy Rescue Supplies Electrical, Gas Distribution Wood, Solar Shelter Air, Marine, Road Prep., Warmth Rescue Dryness, Indoor Camping Communication Sanitation HAM, FRS Net. Hygiene TV, Radio Pee, Poo Disposal Medical Laundry, Showers Search & Rescue Skills, Supplies CERT Right After The Quake Life May Change While Your Waiting for Aid… Taking Stock Of Your Condition What if this is your House? If your house looks like this you might want to salvage If your house looks like this you might want to use it materials and build a shelter … or use a camper to to shelter in place. shelter in place. Are you prepared to do this? Do you have at least 30 days of food? …and more for others that may need help? Cooking for more than one Entertainment And Then…. What if your toilet stops working? Earthquakes and Sanitation Systems Sewer Vulnerabilities in Seismic Events Quake Pipe Failures • System complexity - numerous points of failure • Central system needs power, transportation, chemicals & staff skills • Often near rivers - liquefaction results in system damage • Construction did not address seismic risks • Pipes of inflexible materials (concrete, cast-iron) fail with shaking • Pipes break at connections & push-on pipe joints separate • Gravity flows disrupted as ground shifts • Failure of storm sewers, flooding & collateral damage. • Consumer Septic Tanks crack and leak • Connections to drain fields fail • Septic water supply fails • Power to septic discharge pump or actual pump fails http://www.oregon.gov/OMD/OEM/osspac/docs/Oregon_Resilience_Plan_Final.pdf So why are Sewer Systems so Vulnerable in a Severe Earthquake? A few minor breakdowns throughout the system bring down the entire system. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=udBaGyzJyU8 Septic Tank Systems Typical Septic System Types Non-Gravity Systems - Pump Tank Need to be able to back feed Pump Electrical from Gravity System Standby Generator Pump Tank Electrically Powered Pressurized System Signs of Septic Tank Failures A malfunctioning septic system is a risk to human and animal health and the environment. A quick response to any signs of failure may reduce the cost of repairs and prevent any illness or negative impact on the environment. Signs of a failing septic system can include one or more of the following: • Visible signs of liquid level below discharge line, indicating possible leak in containment • Water and sewage are backing up • Bathtubs, showers, and sinks are draining slowly • Gurgling sounds in the plumbing system • Standing water or damp spots near the septic tank or leach field • Bad odors • Green vegetation growing over the septic tank or leach field during dry weather Causes of Failures Septic system failure may cause sewage to surface around the tank or leach field, back up into the pipes in the building, percolate into the ground water or nearby water sources. Sewage carries contaminants that are sources of disease and make water unsafe for any use • Septic tanks are pretty durable but can crack, maybe even break. Invasive tree roots, parking vehicles over the septic tank, even severe earthquakes, might cause damage to the septic tank. • A clogged pipe causing slow drains or draining to stop completely. A crushed or broken pipe will need to be replaced. • If the inlet baffle to the septic tank is blocked. If the outlet baffle or effluent filter is clogged sewage may back up into the home or ground surface. • Septic systems require routine maintenance and should provide reliable service for many years. If it isn't maintained, owners run the risk of dangerous and costly failures. • Pump the tank every two to five years, depending on how many people are using it and local codes. How Important is Sanitation and Toilets After a Disaster How Important is Sanitation and Toilets After a Disaster Ask the Japanese In Washington State, to each county and city, earthquake countermeasures are a necessary reality. On February 23rd, the Consulate-General of Japan in Seattle, Tohoku University, and University of Washington collaborated to hold a Disaster Management Symposium at the University of Washington. Over 80 locally based individuals tasked with disaster management attended. Visiting from Japan, The Hon. Hideki Matsuzaki, who served as mayor of Urayasu City – hit hard by liquefaction damage during the Great East Japan Earthquake – and Mr. Atsushi Kato, Executive Director of Japan Toilet Lab, reported with vivid detail on the lessons learned from toilet facilities in Japan and problems faced after a disaster. http://www.seattle.us.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_en/00_000404.html Japanese Disaster Toilet Summary So what are we to do? What is the plan for your family? For your neighborhood? For your sewer provider? The Old Way? Obsolete examples of emergency toilet substitutes include: • Plastic garbage bags and twist ties that leak, smell and can contaminate surroundings • Single-bucket camping toilet that are difficult to handle keep sanitary and smell • Trench or pit latrines that smell and could contaminate the water table & spread disease Pee and Poo That is the Question! Goal of Post Disaster Sanitation HYGIENE AND PATHOGEN CONTROL Hygiene is a broad concept that can be defined as a set of practices designed to keep people healthy. Following an earthquake or flood, the set of practices will change and new practices will be required. The shape of hygiene will be further be affected by the availability of water and supplies, community demographics, and whether victims are sheltering in place or displaced. For our purposes, hygiene refers to practices that prevent or limit spread of disease-causing organisms and includes the cleaning of hands, bodies, surfaces to remove pathogens. Following a natural disaster there is likely to be greater overlap between personal and public hygiene. National Sanitization / Toilet
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