The London School of Economics and Political Science A HOME AWAY FROM HOME The Drivers Behind Croatian Diaspora Mobilisation Anita E. Brkanić A thesis submitted to the Department of Government of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, March 2016. 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 77, 012 words. I can confirm that my thesis was copy edited for conventions of language, spelling and grammar by Jean McDowall from 100% ProofRed, Wellington, New Zealand. 2 Abstract The aim of this study is to provide a framework for understanding the dynamics and motivations behind the mobilisation of diasporas. What shapes diaspora mobilisation? And when they do get involved in homeland politics, what determines the success of diaspora efforts? How is diaspora mobilisation shaped through human agency? The study will look at the Croatian diaspora in North America which, with a long history of active involvement in the politics of its homeland, brings forth a compelling case for the study of diaspora mobilisation. Are conflict–based arguments sufficient to explain diaspora mobilisation? Are there complementary, but potentially more covert, driving factors behind it? Other studies have identified homeland conflict as important for diaspora mobilisation, but have not shown yet in depth how framing processes work in the presence of charismatic leadership and their framing strategies. Aiming at filling this gap in the literature, this study provides a complementary argument to conflict–based arguments; it focuses on the role of collective action frames (CAF) used by goal–seeking elites in diaspora mobilisation and brings out the effects of agency. It states that while conflict provides important opportunities to mobilise, agents play a crucial role in framing and reframing these opportunities to advance their political goals. This thesis is the first one to give an in depth discussion of specific framing mechanism and how they interconnect with charismatic leadership. By employing the frame analysis approach this study intends to link the literature on collective action frames and framing processes with the research done in Diaspora Studies. In doing so, it will make use of the framing literature in relation to social 3 movement processes that it tries to illuminate. The study identifies effective framing processes, diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational, as crucial for understanding the character, the course and the outcome of diaspora mobilisation and its consequent political influence. The study aims to expand framing theory by contributing to our understanding of how leaders motivate and mobilise resources, generate and identify opportunities, frame issues, plan and develop strategies, recruit support and create change. Human agency has been neglected by the recent emphasis on structures of opportunity and this study is a response to the growing demand for the examination of the numerous ways in which leaders generate social change and create the conditions for the agency of others. However favourable the ‘breeding ground’ presented by the opportunity structure, it only provides potential actors with options. It is ultimately always the parties themselves who must make the best of them. This study shall therefore focus on the leader in charge of the framing processes and his characteristics as one of the key factors explaining his success. In doing so, the study will address an existing gap in the framing literature and divert attention to the role of Franjo Tuđman, the first President of independent Croatia, in constructing diaspora collective action frames. In placing the focus on the leader, the study does not intend to minimise the role of other explanatory factors, e.g. effective resource mobilisation and political opportunity structures (POS), the right configuration of which is essential for the framing processes to be effective. Instead, when addressing these elements of diaspora mobilisation, the study does so through the lens of leadership. 4 Abbreviations AAASS: American Association for the Advancement of Slavic Studies AIC: American Initiative for Croatia AMCA: Canadian Association of Alumni and Friends of Croatian Universities BiH: Bosnia and Herzegovina CAA: Croatian American Association CAF: Collective Action Frames CCU: Croatian Catholic Union CFU: Croatian Fraternal Union CROWN: Croatian World Network CSAC: Croatian Schools of America and Canada CWA: Croatian Worldwide Association EU: European Union HDZ: Hrvatska Demokratska Zajednica (Croatian Democratic Union) HDZ BIH: Hrvatska Demokratska Zajednica Bosne i Hercegovine (Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia and Herzegovina) HNO: Hrvatski Narodni Otpor (Croatian National Resistance) HNS: Hrvatska Narodna Stranka (Croatian People’s Party) 5 HNV: Hrvatsko Narodno Vijeće (Croatian National Council) HRT: Hrvatska Radio–Televizija (Croatian Radio Television) HSP: Hrvatska Stranka Prava (Croatian Party of Rights) HSS: Hrvatska Seljačka Stranka (Croatian Peasant Party) ICTY: International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia IRA: Individual Retirement Account KLA: Kosovo Liberation Army KNOJ: Korpus Narodne Obrambe Jugoslavije (People’s Defence Corps of Yugoslavia) NDH: Nezavisna Država Hrvatska (Independent State of Croatia), established in parts of Axis–occupied Yugoslavia NFCA: National Federation of Croatian Americans OSCE: Organisation for Co–operation and Security in Europe POS: Political Opportunity Structures SDP: Socijaldemokratska Partija Hrvatske (Social Democratic Party of Croatia) SFRY: Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia SKH–SDP: League of Communists of Croatia–Party of Democratic Reform SMO: Social Movement Organisation SMTs: Social Movement Theorists UDBA: Uprava Državne Bezbednosti (State Security Administration) 6 USA/US: United States of America VOA: Voice of America 7 Figure 1 Ethnic Distribution in the Balkans1 1 Ethnic Distribution in the Balkans, c. 1990. 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Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/place/Balkans/images-videos/Ethnic-distribution-in-the-Balkans- 1990/712 8 Table of Contents Declaration ............................................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... 3 Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 1 Ethnic Distribution in the Balkans .............................................................................................. 8 Table of Contents ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 12 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 14 Diaspora: The Conceptual Debate ........................................................................................................ 18 Debate in the Field of Diaspora Studies ................................................................................................. 18 Diaspora: The Croatian Debate ............................................................................................................ 23 A Brief History of the Croatian Diaspora .............................................................................................. 27 Geographies of Interest .......................................................................................................................... 33 “What is going to happen when Tito dies…?” ........................................................................................ 40 Key Events from 1990 to 1995: From Socialism to Independence .................................................... 40 The 1990s and the Diaspora .............................................................................................................. 42 Research Problem and Thesis Structure ............................................................................................... 44 Research Problem .................................................................................................................................. 44 Thesis Structure ...................................................................................................................................... 45 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH DESIGN.................. 51 Current Debate in the Field .................................................................................................................