MORE SOLUTIONS TO STICKY PROBLEMS: TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ......................................................1 2.12.2 Spiral Adapter ....................................8 2.12.3 Vane Spindles ...................................8 CHAPTER 1: Brookfield School of Thought .......2 2.13 Special Accessory Items ............................8 1.1 Why Make Rheological Measurements? .....2 2.13.1 Quick Connect ...................................8 1.2 Thinking Rheo-Logically ...............................2 2.13.2 Spindle Extensions ............................8 1.3 Three Schools of Thought on Viscosity 2.14 Fumes and Hazardous Locations ..............9 Measurement ...............................................2 2.14.2 Explosion-Proof Construction 1.3.1 The Pragmatic School .........................2 (Dial Viscometer Only) .....................9 1.3.2 The “Theoretical” School ....................2 2.15 Software .....................................................9 1.3.3 The Academic School .........................3 2.16 Process Control .........................................9 CHAPTER 2: Equipment Systems for CHAPTER 3: Making Measurements with a Applications ......................................3 Rotational Viscometer .....................9 2.1 Equipment for Specific Situations ................3 3.1 Why You Should Read This Chapter ...........9 2.2 Viscometers .................................................3 3.2 How the Brookfield Rotational 2.3 Rheometers .................................................4 Viscometer Works........................................9 2.4 Spindle Geometries .....................................4 3.3 Spring Torque .............................................10 2.4.1 Disc Spindles .......................................4 3.4 Viscosity Measurement Techniques ...........10 2.4.2 Cylindrical Spindles .............................4 3.4.1 Record Keeping .................................10 2.4.3 Coaxial Cylinders ................................4 3.4.2 The Spindle and the Guard leg .........10 2.4.4 Cone/Plate Geometry ..........................5 3.4.3 Selecting a Spindle Speed ................ 11 2.4.5 T-Bar Spindles .....................................5 3.4.4 Sample Container Size ...................... 11 2.4.6 Vane Spindles .....................................5 3.4.5 Sample Conditions ............................11 2.5 Temperature Control ....................................5 3.4.6 Spindle Immersion .............................12 2.5.1 Temperature Baths ..............................5 3.4.7 Sensitivity and Accuracy ....................12 2.5.2 Thermosel System ..............................5 3.4.8 Obtaining a Viscometer Reading .......12 2.5.3 Peltier (Thermo-electric Systems) .......5 3.4.9 A Calibration Check ..........................13 2.6 Small Sample Volume .................................5 3.4.10 Recalibrating the Range of the 2.6.1 Small Sample Adapter .........................5 Brookfield Rotational Viscometer ...13 2.6.2 UL Adapter...........................................5 3.5 Rotational Viscometer Maintenance ..........14 2.6.3 DIN Adapter .........................................6 3.6 Rotational Viscometer Troubleshooting ....14 2.6.4 Thermosel System ..............................6 3.7 Other Viscosity Measurement Methods ....15 2.6.5 Cone/Plate Systems ............................6 4.1 Coming to Grips with Rheology .................15 2.7 Low Viscosity ...............................................6 4.2 Viscosity .....................................................15 2.7.1 UL Adapter...........................................6 2.7.2 Small Sample Adapter .........................6 CHAPTER 4: Rheology Basics ............................15 2.7.3 Thermosel System ..............................6 4.3 Newtonian Fluids ......................................16 2.7.4 Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate 4.4 Non-Newtonian Fluids ...............................16 Viscometer ..........................................6 4.5 Thixotropy and Rheopexy ..........................17 2.8 High Temperature.........................................6 4.6 Laminar and Turbulent Flow ......................18 2.8.1 Thermosel System ..............................6 4.7 Yield Behavior ............................................18 2.8.2 Temperature Baths ..............................6 4.8 What Affects the Rheological Property? ....19 2.8.3 Cone/Plate with Embedded Heating ...7 4.8.1 Temperature ......................................19 2.9 Defined Shear Rate .....................................7 4.8.2 Shear Rate ........................................19 2.10 High Shear Rate .......................................7 4.8.3 Measuring Conditions ......................20 2.10.1 Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate 4.8.4 Time ...................................................20 Viscometer/Rheometer ....................7 4.8.5 Pressure ............................................20 2.10.2 CAP Viscometer/Rheometer .............7 4.8.6 Previous History ................................20 2.10.3 RST Rheometer ................................7 4.8.7 Composition and Additives ................20 2.10.4 PVS Rheometer ................................7 4.8.8 Special Characteristics of 2.10.5 BF35 Viscometer ...............................8 Dispersions and Emulsions ..............21 2.11 Defined Shear Stress .................................8 5.1 Advanced Methods for Rheological 2.12 Non-Flowing Sample Materials ..................8 Analysis .....................................................21 2.12.1 Helipath Stand ...................................8 CHAPTER 5: Data Analysis .................................21 APPENDIX A: Specifications, Ranges, and 5.2 Defining Operating Parameters of Operating Parameters ................31 Various Spindle Geometries ......................22 A.1 Dial-Reading Viscometer Spindles and 5.2.1 Cylindrical Spindles ...........................22 Speeds ......................................................32 5.2.2 Coaxial Cylinders ..............................22 A.2 Digital Viscometers/Rheometers Spindles 5.2.3 Cone and Plate ..................................23 and Speeds ...............................................32 5.2.4 Disc and T-Bar Spindles ....................23 A.3 Disc Spindle Information for Standard 5.2.5 Spiral Adapter Spindle .......................23 Viscometers/Rheometers ..........................33 5.2.6 “Paddle” / “Paste” Spindles ...............23 A.4 Cylindrical Spindles for Dial-Reading 5.2.7 Vane Spindles ...................................23 Viscometer and Digital 5.2.8 Other Special Spindles ......................23 Viscometers/Rheometers ..........................34 5.3 Analyzing Time-Independent A.5 Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate Non-Newtonian Fluids ...............................23 Viscometers/Rheometers ..........................36 5.3.1 Ratio Methods ...................................24 A.6 Small Sample Adapter ...............................37 5.3.2 Graphic Methods ...............................24 A.7 UL Adapter .................................................39 5.3.3 Template Method ...............................24 A.8 Thermosel System ....................................40 5.3.4. Dynamic Yield Value A.9 DIN Adapter ..............................................41 Determination...................................24 A.10 Helipath Stand with T-Bar Spindles .........42 5.4 Static Yield Value Determination ...............25 A.11 Spiral Adapter ..........................................43 5.5 Analyzing Time-Dependent, A.12 Vane Spindles ..........................................44 Non-Newtonian Fluids ...............................25 A.13 KU-3 (Krebs) Viscometer .........................45 5.6 Temperature Dependence of Viscosity ......26 A.14 DV3T Rheometer with EZ-Yield 5.7 Math Models ..............................................26 Program in RheocalcT Software ..............46 5.8 Brookfield Application Software .................27 A.15 CAP 1000+ and CAP 2000+ 5.9 Miscellaneous Methods .............................27 Viscometers ............................................47 A.16 Falling Ball Viscometer ............................49 CHAPTER 6: Test Methods ..................................28 A.17 RST Rheometer & RST Soft Solids 6.1 Single Point Viscosity Test .........................28 Tester .......................................................50 6.2 Controlled Rate Ramp ...............................28 A.18 PVS Rheometer ......................................51 6.3 Up-Down Rate Ramp .................................28 APPENDIX B: Spindle Entry Codes and 6.4 Time Sensitivity Test...................................28 Range Coefficients .....................53 6.5 Temperature Sensitivity Test ......................28 APPENDIX C: ASTM Specifications ...................55 6.6 Temperature Profiling with Up-Down APPENDIX D: References ...................................57 Rate Ramp Test .........................................29 APPENDIX E: AMETEK Brookfield Regional 6.7 Static Yield Method ....................................29 Locations ......................................58 6.8 Dynamic Yield Test .....................................29 6.9 Recovery ....................................................29 6.10 Tests Unique to RST Rheometer .............30 INTRODUCTION When a piece of technical equipment is marketed The book you hold in your hand is the result of those successfully for over 80 years, it is inevitable that a requests. It does not replace your instruction