§ ~ o.~~ ~::r~ C/) oOn ~ ~o~::;o.~ ::; ~. ~. c ~ ()" ~. ::r 0 OJ ~ 0~aQ en ~ ~~. ° ~ § STUDIES IN WEST CIRCASSIAN PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor in de letteren aan de Rijksuniversiteit te)..eiden, op gezag van de Rector t~agnificus, Dr. A.H.H. Kassenaar, hoogleraar in de facul tei t der genees kunde, vol gens bes 1ui t va n het college van dekanen te verdedigen op dinsdag 27 november, te klokke 14..15 uur door Henricus Joannes Smeets, geboren te r~aastricht in 1946. LEIDEN The Hakuchi Press 1984 promotiecommissie promotor: Prof. Dr. F.H.H. Kortlandt referent: Prof. Dr. C.L. Ebeling overige leden: Prof. Dr. J. C. Anceaux Prof. Dr. R.S.P. Beekes Prof. Dr. B.H. Flemming if CIP-data Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag Smeets, Henricus Joannes Studies in West Circassian Phonology and Morphology / Henri- cus Joannes Smeets. Leiden : The Hakuchi Press Also thesis Leiden. With ref. ISBN 90-71176-01-0 UDC 809.46-4+809.46-55 for NaZlm and Nazik Subject headings: Circassian linguistics; phonology / Circas- sian linguistics; morphology. Copyright - The Hakuchi Press, Rijn- en Schiekade 116 2311 AT Leiden, The Netherlands. Printed in the Netherlands by Verhagen, Rijnsburg. PREFACE This book is a contribution to the soudy of Circassian, a West Caucasian language. The description focusses on the language of a group of Circas- sians in Anatolian Turkey living in a{d around the town of D~zce. They speak a form of Shapsug, a West Circassian dialect. The D~zce Shapsug data were collected both in Turkey and in the Netherlands. I spent three periods of a month doing fieldwork in Turkey. My main informant was a now 56-year old man who had lived in the Netherlands for years. Data he provided were constantly checked with his family and other members of the D~zce community. I am very grateful to him and his relatives for their unselfish help and for their hospitality. The Introduction, the first of the four parts of this book, gives an ethnolinguistic survey of the languages of the Caucasus and offers a short exploration of the West Caucasian linguistic type; the final section of the Introduction places this work within the larger framework of the study of West Caucasian languages as a whole. Part 2, Phonology, presents, in five chapters, a phonology and morphophonology of Duzce Shapsug. Chapters 1, 2 and 5 mainly provide data, and chapters 3 and 4 are primarily concerned with analysis. Part 3, Morphology, consists of a synchronic (chapter 6) and a diachronic (chapter 7) study of the expression of negation in Cir- cassian. Part 4 (chapters 8-11) offers four adapted versions of articles which have appeared or will appear elsewhere (see References). TABLE OF CONTENTS Presentation of material and terminology nave been adapted where necessary. Chapters 8 and 9 also deal with morphology, chapter 8 ABBREVIATIONS """""""""" .21 """ with the expression of possession and chapter 9 with the indication CONVENTIONS . ... .. .. .. ... .. .. ... .. .. """'" """'" .27 "" " of direction and location. Chapter 10 discusses a few developments PART I INTRODUCTION . .. .. .. .. .. .... .. '.. .33 " '" '" PART II PHONOLOGY in Shapsug consonant systems and chapter 11 presents a religious chapter 1 Phonology. .111 Duzce Shapsug text. chapter 2 Make-up of the Word. , . .134 - The References and the Abbreviations/Conventions cover all , chapter Basic Morphs . , , , 3 . ... .156 'J chapters. In addition, chapters 3-11 are each accompanied by a list chapter 4 Morphophonology .. ...,... ..............,. .... ......191 " """ chapter 5 Basic Morphs and Allomorphs of Stem-affixes and Endings" .251 of abbreviations. The Introduction and each chapter are followed by PART III MORPHOLOGY a set of notes. The four parts of this volume, and also the chapters chapter 6 Negation. .. .. .. .289 making up part 4, can be read as studies in their own right. This chapter 7 Negation, Diachronically .344 explains why there is a certain amount of overlap in the introduc- PART IV APPENDICES tory sections and notes of some chapters. chapter 8 Morphologie tcherkesse: La categorie de possession "" .379 I am indebted to Colin Ewen for correcting the English of the chapter 9 On Location and Direction in Circassian: Five Directional Suffixes. .. manuscript, Koos 't Hoen for parts of the English translation, proof- . ... .436 "'" """ """ "'" """'" '" chapter 10 On the Obstruenots of GenceJi Shapsug .... ...... .... ..452 "" reading and general logistic support, Jean-Robert Smeets for the French chapter 11 "" A Circassian Mevlid . .. .. .466 """""""'" translation of chapter 8, Jan Timmers for his meticulous proofreading REFERENCES ........ .. .... ..480 """ "" """"" "" "'" and editorial assistance, Mari anne Boere for typi ng parts of the book, Ineke Smeets for proofreading, Arie Speksnijder for drawing the first PART two maps, and Mark Smeets for his patience. (1) The Caucasus '" ....33 (2) A Survey of the Languages of the Area .... .,... ..38 """"'" "'" (3) The West Caucasus .45 (4) The West CaucasianLanguages .......65 Phonology. (5) . .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .74 " (6) The Simple Sentence " .....'.84 (7) The Study of Circassian 99 ' ~~.,,,,,,,,,~.,-.,,,...,,...,.,~.--~~ ,.,.~,..,,.,..,.,..,,.,...,,... ~F ,- ,.--,~""--.".""'7',~,...,--"",-~"C',,,,,-,._-:, ,."",,'C-.' ."'-~., ",._",,," ".."..."~--- rry-'--""'---'"~""~C"-~. "-"'-"-C".:O:-'~.-.. '- - 10"";" CHAPTER 2 MAKE-UP OF THE WORD PART II 2.1 MORPHEMIC MAKE-UP 2.1.1 Introduction. .134 CHAPTER 1 PHONOLOGY 2.1.2 Stem Base Root Affixes. - - - . .134 .' 1.1 PHONEME INVENTORY 2.1.3 Stem-prefixes. .. .135 1.1.1 Introduction. .111 2.1.4 Stem-suffixesand Endings ......136 1.1.2 Consonants. .111 .112 2.2 PHONEMIC MAKE-UP 1.1.3 Vowels 2.2.1 The Phonological Word.. .138 - 1.2 THE PHONETICS OF SINGLE CONSONANTS 2.2.2 Some Figures ..........139 1.2.1 Laryngeal Articulation.. .. .112 2.2.3 The Vowels Opposed ......140 F 1.2.2 Oral Articulation. .113 ,.114 2.3 CONSONANT SEQUENCES 1.2.3 Labialisation , 2.3.1 Introduction. .141 1.3 THE PHONETICS OF CONSONANT SEQUENCES 2.3.2 CC Clusters .................,..... ......141 1.3.1 Introduction. .114 2.3.3 CCC Clusters , ,.....142 . .115 Laryngeal Articulation. .. .. .. .. .. ,,,. 1.3.2 2.3.4 R-sequenceswith Initial m, n or r ..142 " """''''''''' '''' 1.3.3 Morpheme Boundaries in Consonant Sequences.. ...,.. '.115 2.3.5 Remaining R-sequences ,..", ......143 .116 """"""""""""""' 1.3.4 Sequences with Initial Monoconsonantal Personal Prefixes ..' 2.3.6 Polymorphemic C.'tSequences ., 143 """""""""""""""'" 1.3.5 Some Morphophonemic Combinations Compared with Single Consonants ..117 118 2.4 LOANS 1.3.6 On 5-5, s-s. 5-5, etc. 2.4.1 Introduction. .144 1.3.7 Cluster-initial Alveolo-palatal and Palatal Fricatives ..., ...119 , .120 2.4.2 Loans from Turkic Languages . ,. .. .1LI5 1.3.8 About ms, ml and b~ 2.4.3 Recent Loans ,.. ,. .. .147 1.4 THE PHONETICS OF VOWELS 2.4.4 Adaptation of Vowels in Loans . ... .. ... .... .... .... ....149 120 1.4.1 Vowel Colouring 2.4.5 Adaptation of Consonants in Loans .,.. .151 ., ., .121 """"""","""'" 1.4.2 Vowel Variants. ... .. .. 2.4.6 Peculiarities of Loans , . , . , , . .. , . .. .152 1.4.3 Length. 1 22 , , , ,...122 NOTES. .153 1.4.4 Vowels in Contactwith Non-intervocalicY or W ... ' " 124 1.4.5 The Vowel a CHAPTER 3 BASIC MORPHS 1.4.6 Front Variants of a and e 125 1.4.7 RoundedVariants of a and e 125 3.1 BASIC MORPH SELECTION 3.1.1 Allomorphs and Basic Morphs ,., "...,... "..156 1.4.8 Retracted Vowel Variants. ... .. .. .. .. .126 "" , 1.4.9 ConcurrentColouring 127 3.1.2 Basic Morph Selection , ,.", . 158 ., . .127 3.1.3 Make-up of Basic ~lorphs ..,.., , 1.4.10 Colouring at a Distance. ,.., ,.. ...,..162 1.5 INTONATION - STRESS - SANDHI - CONTRACTIONS 3.2 CONSONANTS IN MORPHEMESOF THE 'tv.. TYPE 3.2.1 Single Consonants ,.. , , 1.5.1 Intonation. .128 . ". .. .162 3.2.2 Sequences ca and ce in 'tV.. Morphemes "., , , , , , , , 1.5.2 Stress. .128 . .. ,..163 1.5.3 Sandhi and Contractions 130 3.2,.3 CC and CCC Clusters in 'tV.. ~lorphemes ,..,., ",., 165 NOTES. .131 ,,,,,,,,,,,~ ~._.,~-~. "":,".-.~""", >,,;_:._,--,.._,7'"""""".'~'-"'~ -"""",,",",~"'"""~-""="',":';-~ 3.2.4 Labial-initial CC Clusters in ~V.. MorpClemes 166 CHAPTER 4 MORPHOPHONOLOGY 3.2.5 Non-labial-initial CC Clusters in ~V.. Morphemes .167 4.1 INTRODUCTION 3.2.6 CCC Clusters in ~V.. Morphemes 169 4.1.1 Introduction """""""'" 3.2.7 F.-sequences with Initial m, n or r .169 .191 4.1.2 CV(CV) Initially, V(CV) Medially . .. .. 3.2.8 Remaining R-sequences 170 . .. .. .. .192 " " " " 4.2 THE SHORT PERSONAL PREFIXES 3.3 VOWELS IN ~V.. MORPHEMES 4.2.1 Introduction .. 192 3.3.1 Vowels in ~V ]vjorphemes 170 """' 4.2.2 Preverb Object Prefixes .... .. .. ... ... ... .. .. ... .. .. ...193 3.3.2 Vowel Patterns in ~V(R)~V Morphemes .171 """ 4.2.3 Agent Prefixes . .. .. .. .. .. 3.3.3 Vowels in Trisyllabic (and longer) Morphemes ~V.. ..173 .. ... .. .. 194 """"""'" " " 4.2.4 Possessive Prefixes . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..,195 "" 3. ATYPICAL BASIC MORPHS " 4.3 WORD-MEDIAL VOWEL DELETION F 3.4.1 Introduction. .174 4.3.1 Introduction .. 3.4.2 ZeroBasi c Morphs 174 . .. ... .. .. .. .. .195 '" '" '" '" 4.3.2 Eliminationof UnderlyingVowelSequences """ ... .196 3.4.3 Bas i c Morphs of the C (and CVC) Type 175 " ,.. 4.3.3 Vowel Deletion Before Prefixal yl' , 3.4.4 Basic Morphs of the V Type. .175 . .. ., . ... ... .. .. .197 " 4.3.4 An Incidental Case of Word-medial Vowe 1 De~eulon1 ~' Bas ic Morphs of the V(R)C Type .176 199 3.4.5 """"'" 3.4.6 Bas ic Morphs of the VCV Type 176 4.4 WORD-FINAL VOWEL DELETION ,. 3.4.: The Shape of Morphemes in Fixed Combination... 177 4.4.1 Introduction ,... .200 4.4.2 Final Vowel Deletion in Stative Forms... 200 3.5. FReT VARIATION MID MORPHOLEXICAL CONDITIONING OF CONCURRENT BASIC "'" """ """"'" 4.4.3 FinalVowelDeletionin InstructiveForms """""'" ...202 MORPHS 4.4.4 Final Vowel Deletion in Abso.lU ti ve Forms. .. .. .203 3.5. 'i Introducti on 177 ' 4.4.5 Final Vowel Deleting Suffixes and Clitics , 3.5.2 Total Conditioning .178 .