SEAPLANSPACE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE MANUAL Draft version Please do not circulate or cite without permission of the authors. Final version will be published soon. 2020 About the SEAPLANSPACE Manual This General Knowledge Manual was developed jointly by project partners as part of the SEAPLANSPACE project. The SEAPLANSPACE project is funded by the EU under the INTERREG South Baltic funding schemes (2014-2020). The aim of the SEAPLANSPACE project is to improve the understanding of MSP among employees, stakeholders and the public. To this end, trainings have been organised for students, employees and other interested parties in the countries of the project partners. Manuals have also been developed which contain the basics and essential information on Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) and which could be used as a knowledge base at the training events. In addition, the manuals represent a profound source on MSP which can also be used without participating in the trainings. Six manuals have been produced within the framework of the project. One of these manuals is the General Knowledge Manual with an international and broader perspective. In addition, national manuals on MSP have been produced in Poland, Lithuania, Sweden, Denmark and Germany. These country-specific manuals are available in English and also the national languages. The English-language country-specific manuals have been published in the Coastline Reports series by EUCC – The Coastal Union Germany. The country-specific manuals in national language are available as digital versions on the SEAPLANSPACE web portal (www.seaplanspace.eu). In addition, the digital manuals will be updated after the completion of the training sessions. This General Knowledge Manual deals with essential aspects of MSP that are relevant for all countries bordering the South Baltic. This concerns e.g. guidelines, laws and strategies, which apply for all countries due to the belonging to the same institutions or organisation, e.g. the EU, UN or HELCOM. However, it also concerns the common affiliation to a shared economic, social, cultural and natural area. The aim of the handbooks is to improve mutual understanding between the Baltic Sea states and also to facilitate transnational cooperation. The authors of the chapters are representatives of the project partners. Photo: Maciej Nyka The contents of this manual are the sole responsibility of the authors and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union, the Managing Authority or the Joint Secretariat of the South Baltic Cross-border Cooperation Programme 2014-2020. CONTENTS ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 3 THE AUTHORS & PROJECT PARTNERS ..................................................................................................... 4 1. SOUTH BALTIC MARITIME GEOGRAPHY .............................................................................................. 6 1.1. NATURAL CONDITIONS (JULIUS TAMINSKAS, RAMŪNAS POVILANSKAS) .................................... 6 1.1.1. THE SOUTH BALTIC MARINE AREA ........................................................................................ 7 1.1.2. DELIMITATION ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.3. GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES .................................................................................................... 8 1.1.4. GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY ..................................................................................... 10 1.1.5. COASTAL TYPES ................................................................................................................... 10 1.2. SOUTH BALTIC MARINE ENVIRONMENT (JULIUS TAMINSKAS, RAMŪNAS POVILANSKAS) ....... 13 1.2.1. SALINITY AND BIODIVERSITY GRADIENTS............................................................................ 13 1.2.2. MAJOR RIVERS AND THEIR DISCHARGE .............................................................................. 15 1.2.3. EUTROPHICATION IN THE SOUTH BALTIC ........................................................................... 15 1.2.4. OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ........................................................................................ 17 1.2.5. SEA-DUMPED CHEMICAL MUNITION .................................................................................. 19 1.2.6. SOUTH BALTIC COASTAL AND MARINE PROTECTED AREAS................................................ 20 1.3. HUMAN, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ACTIVITIES IN THE SOUTH BALTIC REGION (MARCIN BURCHACZ, MARCIN KALINOWSKI) ................................................................................................... 25 1.3.1. DEMOGRAPHICS OF THE SOUTH BALTIC REGION ............................................................... 25 1.3.2. BLUE ECONOMY ACTIVITIES IN SOUTH BALTIC REGION ..................................................... 27 1.3.3. KEY MARINE SECTORS IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE BALTIC SEA .......................................... 29 1.3.4. COUNTRY SPECIFIC MARITIME ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ...................................................... 31 1.3.5. SOCIOECONOMIC CHALLENGES FACING THE COMMUNITIES OF THE BALTIC SEA REGION 35 2. SOUTH BALTIC SEA PERSPECTIVE ON MSP ........................................................................................ 37 2.1. GENERAL MSP CONCEPT, TERMINOLOGY AND KEY ISSUES (DOROTA PYĆ) .............................. 37 2.1.1. MSP ORIGIN ......................................................................................................................... 37 2.1.2. MSP DEFINITION .................................................................................................................. 37 2.1.3. MSP GOALS .......................................................................................................................... 39 2.1.4. MSP PRINCIPLES .................................................................................................................. 39 2.1.5. MSP INSTRUMENTS ............................................................................................................. 41 2.1.6. MSP PARTICIPATION ............................................................................................................ 41 2.1.7. MSP CO-OPERATION ........................................................................................................... 42 2.1.8. MSP CULTURE ...................................................................................................................... 43 2.2. INTERNATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR MSP (DOROTA PYĆ) .......................................................... 43 2.2.1. SUSTAINABLE MARINE GOVERNANCE................................................................................. 43 2.2.2. MARITIME AREAS LEGAL STATUS ........................................................................................ 45 2.2.3. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION .......................................... 47 2.2.4. CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION ............................................................ 48 2.3. EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK FOR MSP (DOROTA PYĆ)................................................................... 49 2.3.1. BLUE GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES ......................................................................................... 49 2.3.2. INTEGRATED MARITIME POLICY .......................................................................................... 49 2.3.3. MSP LEGAL REQUIREMENTS ................................................................................................ 50 2.4. REGIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR MSP (MACIEJ NYKA) ................................................................... 51 2.4.1. INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT IN THE BALTIC SEA ...................................... 51 2.4.2. MSP AS A MEANS OF SUSTAINABLE GOVERNANCE ............................................................ 52 2.4.3. MSP REGIONAL/COMMON LEGAL BASIS............................................................................. 54 2.4.4. MSP REGIONAL/INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS................................................. 55 2.4.5. MSP TRANSBOUNDARY DIMENSION ................................................................................... 57 2.4.6. MSP NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL SETTINGS ................................................... 59 3. ECOSYSTEM-BASED APPROACH (EBA) (HENRIK NILSSON) ................................................................ 62 3.1. ORIGIN AND GENERAL IDEA BEHIND THE CONCEPT .................................................................. 62 3.2. EBA IN MSP ................................................................................................................................. 64 3.3. REGIONAL AND NATIONAL APPROACHES TO EBA IN THE BALTIC SEA ...................................... 67 4. STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION IN MSP – BEST PRACTICES (KATJA RUDOW) ................................... 72 4.1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 72 4.2. METHODS FOR STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION ......................................................................... 76 4.2.1. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................................