MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ARTS AND PAPERS OF THE MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF LETTERS SCIENCE ARTS AND LETTERS EDITORS VOLUME XIX EUGENE S. MCCARTNEY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN CONTAINING PAPERS SUBMITTED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING IN 1933 PETER OKKELBERG UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN he annual volume of Papers of the Michigan VOLUME XIX T Academy of Science, Arts and Letters is issued under the joint direction of the Council of the Academy “Pusilla res mundus est nisi in illo and of the Executive Board of the Graduate School of quod quaerat omnis mundus habeat.” the University of Michigan. The editor for the Academy —SENECA, Naturales Quaestiones is Peter Okkelberg; for the University, Eugene S. McCartney. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS Previous publications of The Michigan Academy of 1934 Science now known as The Michigan Academy of All rights reserved Science, Arts and Letters, were issued under the title, Annual Report of the Michigan Academy of Science. COPYRIGHT, 1934, BY GRADUATE SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Twenty-two volumes were published, of which those EDITOR, EUGENE S. MCCARTNEY numbered 1, 21 and 22 are out of print. Copies of the Set up and printed, other volumes are still available for distribution and will February, 1934 be sent on exchange so long as the editions last. Published, March, 1933 Applications for copies should be addressed to the PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Librarian of the University of Michigan. BY THE PLIMPTON PRESS · NORWOOD · MASS. The Annual Reports which are now being published contain the proceedings of the Academy. Applications OFFICERS FOR 1933 for copies should be addressed to the Librarian of the University of Michigan President GEORGE R. LA RUE The prices of previous volumes of the Papers and of University of Michigan other University of Michigan publications are listed at the Vice-President end of this volume. ROBERT B. NEWCOMBE Department of Conservation, Lansing Volumes may be ordered by addressing the Librarian of the University of Michigan. Section Chairmen ANTHROPOLOGY, Leslie A. White, University of Michigan BOTANY, Cecil Billington, Detroit ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Harald S. Patton, Michigan State College FORESTRY, Ruthford H. Westveld, Michigan State College FINE ARTS, Sylvester Jerry, Kalamazoo Institute of Arts GEOGRAPHY, J. O. Veatch, Michigan State College GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY, W. A. Thomas, Saginaw HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, Lewis G. VanderVelde, University of Michigan LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, Warner G. Rice, University of Michigan MATHEMATICS, R. W. Clack, Alma College PSYCHOLOGY, Martha G. Colby, University of Michigan SANITARY AND MEDICAL SCIENCE, Newton W. Larkum, Michigan Department of Health ZOOLOGY, Arthur E. Woodhead, University of Michigan Secretary L. J. Young, University of Michigan Treasurer E. C. Prophet, Michigan State College Editor Peter Okkelberg, University of Michigan Librarian W. W. Bishop, University of Michigan Selections from Papers of the MASAL--Vol. 19 – Page 1 of 31 CONTENTS INDIAN WATERWAYS OF THE ANTHROPOLOGY SAGINAW DISTRICT, MICHIGAN INDIAN WATERWAYS OF THE SAGINAW DISTRICT, MICHIGAN. FRED DUSTIN Fred Dustin........................................................................ 2 ESS than a hundred years ago, or, to be exact, on GEOGRAPHY LSeptember 13, 1837, a party of three men, Dr. Douglass Houghton,1 state geologist, and his assistants, CLASSIFICATION OF LAND ON A GEOGRAPHIC BASIS. Jethro Otto Veatch ....................................................................... 8 Bela Hubbard and C. C. Douglass, left Detroit by wagon with Byron, Shiawassee County, as their immediate GEOLOGY AND MINEROLOGY destination. This place, for which great things had been hoped and predicted, consisted of two houses and a mill STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE SOUTHERN at the junction of the north and south branches of the WASATCH MOUNTAINS, UTAH. Armand J. Eardley ........... 11 Shiawassee River. Here they procured a canoe and PLEISTOCENE POTHOLES IN THE CLOCHE MOUNTAINS OF started on an exploration which took them to Saginaw, ONTARIO. George M. Stanley ......................................... 21 and from there up the Tittabawassee River to the site of the present village of Sanford and to Salt River, which WELL LOGS IN THE NORTHERN PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN enters the larger stream not far above. Returning from SHOWING THE CAMBRIAN SECTION. Fredrik T. Thwaites .. 27 this point to Saginaw, they procured a larger craft, a dugout thirty feet long, but so narrow that a paddle could be used on either side by a person seated in the center. ILLUSTRATIONS In this craft they made the river, bay, and lake trip to Fort Gratiot, about one hundred and fifty miles distant, where PLATES they took a steamboat for Detroit. LXXI - LXXII. Geological features of the southern Wasatch Hubbard's story of this trip, with its fine descriptions, is a Mountains, Utah .............................................................19 partial picture of the old Indian waterways when Saginaw, the Kahbayshaywayning, "Gathering Place" of LXXIII - LXXVI. Potholes in the Cloche Mountains, Ontario ..25 the red men, was, as it is now, a center of travel. FIGURES IN THE TEXT The drainage area of the Saginaw River comprises about 6,260 square miles. It is the largest in the state; 9. Block diagram illustrating a conception of the structure the Grand is second, with 5,570 square miles.2 It is produced during the Laramide revolution in the southern formed by the junction of the Tittabawassee and Wasatch Mountains ........................................................12 Shiawassee rivers, which unite at the extreme southern 10. Block diagram of the Basin and Range faulting in the boundary of the City of Saginaw, from which point to southern Wasatch Mountains. ........................................15 Saginaw Bay it is really a sluggish estuary of that body. 11. Block diagram of the southern Wasatch Mountains With a northeast or north wind of some duration the representing the Laramide and Basin and Range current may be reversed or brought to a standstill. The structures combined with partial restoration of the early notices always referred to it as "Sagana Bay,” or strata.. ............................................................................16 some other variation of the present "Saginaw." 12. Section through Mount Nebo, showing pre-Wasatch The Tittabawassee, the source of which is in the springs conglomerate surface .....................................................16 of Ogemaw County, has as its principal branches the 13. Comparative stratigraphic section of northern Michigan Tobacco, Salt, Chippewa, and Pine rivers, all entering on from well logs .................................................................28 its western side. The Shiawassee rises in Livingston and Genesee MAPS counties, with the Bad, Flint, and Cass rivers as its chief tributaries. In primitive days Swan Creek, which flows 1. Waterways of the Saginaw District, Michigan......................3 into the Shiawassee not far below the mouth of the Flint, 11. Geologic map and sections of the southern Wasatch was of some importance as a waterway. Mountains, Utah .............................................................13 The casual observer who sees the smaller streams in 12. Pothole area of the Cloche Mountains, Ontario...............22 the droughts of August may question some of the 13. Region surrounding the pothole area of the Cloche statements which have been made concerning their Mountains.......................................................................22 navigation in former days; for instance, it has been related that in the early part of the last century one was able to get within thirty miles of Detroit by canoe by following up the Shiawassee River to its source in Genesee County. It is quite possible that this involved a short portage between streams, but even so there is much evidence to support the assertion. Selections from Papers of the MASAL--Vol. 19 – Page 2 of 31 In this paper the designation "Saginaw District" covers The earliest white voyagers were familiar with the terrors not only the drainage basin, but also the bay of that of crossing Saginaw Bay, and today Harbor Beach, the name and some of the small rivers that empty into it. great sheltered refuge, is not infrequently filled with Since the travel of the Indians centered at one place, vessels northbound, waiting for the choppy seas to go with subsidiary stations at convenient or strategic points, down before proceeding on their way. What, then, must Saginaw has been made the starting place for the it have been to the Indian in his frail craft? Schoolcraft studies of the several waterways which have been says:3 "In order to cross Saganaw Bay in safety in a named. canoe, it is necessary to pass up the eastern shore from Point aux Barques to Point aux Chenes [now called Oak The locations of places and the courses of streams Point], a distance of eighteen miles. Here, if the lake be described in this paper can readily be found on the calm, the voyageur crosses by a stretch of twenty miles accompanying map (Map 1). For the preparation of the to the opposite shore, with the advantage of landing on map I have to thank my friend, Mr. Edward J. Stevens, to the island of Shawangunk [Charity], should a storm whose kindness and technical skill I have been indebted overtake him in the center of the Bay, which is frequently on more than one occasion. the case." He also mentions the fact that accidents caused by sudden squalls often happened