PREPARED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE AUSA INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY 2425 WILSON BOULEVARD ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22201-3385 A Nonprofit, Educational Association Reproduction of this Report, in whole or in part, is authorized with appropriate acknowledgment of the source. 1989 END OF A DECADE - END OF AN ERA A GLOBAL ASSESSMENT CHRONOLOGY OF SIGNIFICANT EVENTS ........... .....2 Syria . .............................................. .......................... 32 Israel ............................................. ...................... ..... 32 INTRODUCTION .................................... ......................... 3 Jordan .............................................. ........................ 33 Iran ........................................................................... 33 WESTERN EUROPE AND THE Iraq ............................................... ....... ..... ................ 34 NATO NATIONS ......................................................... 5 Saudi Arabia ............................................................ 34 Canada .............................................................. ......... 5 Great Britain .............................................................. 6 ASIA AND THE PACIFIC ................ .... ........................... 35 Norway.. ........ ............................................................ 7 Japan .......................... ............................................. 35 Denmark .... .......... ............. ......................................... 7 Republic of Korea. ................................................... 37 France ............................................... ......................... 8 North Korea ............................................................. 37 Belgium .............. ....................................................... 8 China .......................... ............................. ................ 38 Netherlands .......................................... ...................... 9 Taiwan ..................................................................... 39 Federal Republic of Germany ................................... 9 Philippines ........ ........................................... .... ........ 39 Italy ... .............. .......... ...................... ......................... 10 Vietnam ............................. ...... .................... .. .. ....... 40 Spain ........................................... ............................. 10 Cambodia (Kampuchea) ......................................... .40 Greece ...................................... ................................ !! Thailand ................................................................... 41 Turkey ....... ...... .............. .............. ..... ........................ !! India .................. ....................................................... 42 Pakistan .................................................................... 42 EASTERN EUROPE AND THE Afghanistan ........................... ...... ............................. 43 SOVIET UNION ....................................... .................. 12 Burma (Myanmar) ................................................... 44 USSR .................................................. ............. ..... ... 14 Sri Lanka .................... ............................................. 44 Poland ...................... .......... ....... ............................. 15 Australia ...................................... ... ......................... 45 The German Democratic Republic .......................... 16 New Zealand ............................................................ 46 Czechoslovakia ................ ................................ .. ... ... 17 Hungary ............................. ... .... ............... ............... 17 MEXICO, CENTRAL AMERICA AND THE Romania ................................................................... 18 CARIBBEAN ............................................................... 46 Bulgaria .................................................. ..... ............ 18 Mexico ..................................................................... 47 Yugoslavia ........................ ....................................... 19 Guatemala ........................................ ........................ 48 Albania ............................... ... .. ... ............................ 19 Honduras .......... ........ .... ............................................ 48 El Salvador .............................................................. 49 AFRICA ............................................................................ 20 Nicaragua ................................................................. 49 Morocco ..................................... .... .......................... 20 Costa Rica ............................... ............................. .... 50 Algeria ........................ ........... ............................... ... 21 Panama ................ , ................................................... 50 Libya ...... .................................................................. 22 Cuba ......................................................................... 51 Nigeria ...... .............................................. .. .. ............ 22 Haiti . ........................................ ..... .... ...... ........... .. ... 51 Sudan ............................................... ........................ 23 Jamaica .................... , .............................................. 52 Ethiopia .... .......... .. ............ ........................................ 23 Kenya ....................... ................................ .. ... ..... ...... 24 SOUTH AMERICA ................................ ....... ...... .. ........... 52 Uganda ............................................. .......... ............. 24 Colombia ............... .......... .......... ............ .... .............. 54 Zaire ..................... ............ ........................................ 24 Venezuela . .............................................................. 54 Angola .......... ........................................................... 25 Brazil ................... ....... , ............................................ 55 Zambia .......... ........................................... ....... ........ 25 Peru ..... , .................................................................... 55 Zimbabwe .............. .. ......... .. ... ............................... 26 Bolivia ....... ........ .................................. , ................... 56 Mozambique ...............................: ............................ 27 Paraguay .................................................................. 57 Namibia .................................................... ............ .. 27 Argentina ............................................. .................... 57 South Africa ........................... .. .. ........................... .. 28 Chile ................... , .................................................... 58 Uruguay .................................... , .............................. 58 THE MIDDLE EAST ............ .................................. ...... .. 28 Egypt. .................................... .. ... ........ ...................... 29 CONCLUSION ...... ......... .............. .................................... 59 Lebanon ............... ................................................... 30 A CHRONOLOGY OF THE YEAR'S MOST SIGNIFICANT EVENTS January 4 -U.S. Navy fighters down two Libyan jets. September 21 - Vietnamese troops withdraw from Cam­ January 7 -Emperor Hirohito dies, Prince Akihito bodia. ascends the throne. October 3 -Panamanian coup attempt fails. January 20 -George Bush inaugurated 41st U.S. October 18 - Honecker ousted as East German president. leader-Krenz assumes power. -February 2 -Paraguay's Alfredo Stroessner ousted in October 23 -Hungary declares self free republic. military coup. November I -Nicaragua ends cease-fire against February 15 -Last Soviet troops exit Afghanistan. Contras. February 27 -500 Venezuelans killed in riots over price November 9 -East Germany opens borders including mcreases. Berlin WalL March 19 -Alfredo Christiani elected president of El November 10 -Bulgarian leader Todor Zhivkov steps Salvador. down. AprilS - Poland schedules first free election in 40 November II - El Salvador leftist rebels launch major years. offensive. April 9 -Soviet Georgia erupts in nationalist November 22 - Lebanese president assassinated-Elias violence. Hrawi appointed new leader. April IS - Pro-democracy protests break out in November 24 - Communist party chief Milos Jakes leads China. mass politburo resignations in Czecho­ April 25 -Soviet forces begin exiting Poland & slovakia. Hungary. November 26 -Luis AlbertoLacalle elected president of April 27 - Soviets admit use of poison gas against Uruguay. Georgian demonstrators. November 26 -RafaelLeonardo Callejas elected May 7 -Noriega voids Panamanian elections­ president of Honduras. U.S. increases military presence. December I -Rebel army troops surrender in sixth May 14 - Carlos Saul Menem elected president of Philippine coup attempt. Argentina. December 2 - Vishwanath Pratap Singh sworn in as May 16 -Ethiopia: military coup attempt crushed. prime minister of India. June 3 - Chinese army crushes pro-democracy December 3 -East German communist party leadership protesters-hundreds reported killed.