ALIENATION, FREEDOM & COMMUNISM RAJEEV KUMAR SEHGAL DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON UNIVERSITY OF LONDON Submitted for a Ph.D. in Philosophy MM ProQuest Number: 10013272 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest. ProQuest 10013272 Published by ProQuest LLC(2016). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT G.A. Cohen poses the following three questions for Socialists. First, what do we want? What, in general, and even not so general terms, is the form of socialist society we seek? Second, why do we want it? What exactly is wrong with capitalism, and what is right about socialism? Third, how can we achieve it? What are the implications for practice of the fact that the working class in advanced capitalist society is not now what it once was, or what it was once thought to be? In this thesis I provide some Marxist answers to these questions. I detail and defend the philosophy of Alienation Marxism. The thesis is divided into three main parts. In part one I argue that Marx’s most fundamental critique of capitalism is to be found in his early writings on the alienation. In part two I defend a Marxist account of freedom as self-realisation which, I argue, forms the positive counterpart to Marx’s negative (critical) writings on capitalism. In part three I relate arguments found in Marx’s later writings on history, economics and freedom to the goal of overcoming alienation, and I set out the economic, institutional and sociological development of a communism that progressively extends freedom as self-realisation to all. 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have incurred a number of intellectual and personal debts, which enabled me to produce this thesis. First, I would not have conceived, let alone written, this thesis if it were not for the writings of G.A. Cohen. I disagree with Cohen on a number of issues within Marxist philosophy; however, I would not have arrived at my own positions if he had not set out his views to such a high degree of analytical rigour and precision. If I have anything new to contribute to Marxist philosophy then, to quote a cliché, it is largely a result of clambering onto, and standing on, the shoulders of a giant within contemporary political philosophy. I owe a huge debt to my doctoral supervisor Jonathan Wolff. I thank him for having the stamina to bear the sometimes-sketchy formulations of my arguments through the years, and for driving me to think more deeply about my own views. This thesis would not have taken anything like the form it has without Jo’s suggestions and interventions, and the fact that I was able to subject my own ideas to his high intellectual standards. One of my aims in writing this thesis was to become a better philosopher. Jo has made me so. I am grateful to Jerry Valberg for granting me the opportunity to undertake postgraduate study at University College London, Ted Honderich for an inspiring term of supervision in the early days my research and Véronique Munoz-Dardé for her support. I want to thank James Wilson for his comradeship. I discussed almost every aspect of this thesis with him, and he read and commented upon most of what I have written. James was both encouraging and usefully critical of my endeavours. Finally I want to thank my brother Attul and my father Suraj for supporting my studies. This thesis is dedicated to the both of them and to the memory of my mother Sarla. CONTENTS PREFACE 6 PART ONE: THE CRITICAL BASIS OF MARXISM Three Approaches to a Socialist Critique o f Capitalism: Efficiency, Justice & Alienation 1.0 Introduction 14 1.1 Efficiency 16 1.2 Justice 21 1.21 Exploitation & Justice 23 1.22 Liberal Egalitarian Socialism 30 1.3 Alienation 40 1.31‘Abundance’ Under Communism 41 1.32 Marx on the Dual Aspect of Human Needs 45 1.321 Marx on the Alienation of Man from his Activity & Products 49 1.322 Feuerbach 51 1.323 Cohen’s Hegelian Criticism of the Alienation Marxist Philosophical Anthropology 59 1.33 Marx on Self-Determination & Self-Actualisation as Conditions for Self-Realising Production 62 1.331 Self-Determination: To Actualise in Something ‘One’s Own Purpose’ 62 1.332 Self-Actualisation: To Produce in Accord with the 'Laws of Beauty’ 67 1.34 Some Contemporary Treatments of Marx on Alienation 69 1.341 Alienation & ‘Socialisation of the Means of Production’ 71 1.342 ‘Abolition’ or ‘Positive Supersession’ of Private Property in the Means of Production & Consumption? 83 1.4 Conclusion 86 PART TWO: FREEDOM, COMMUNITY & SOCIALISM The Alienation Marxist Sense In Which Socialists Must Defend Freedom & Be Communitarian 2.0 Introduction 89 2.01 Negative Freedom & Self-Determination 90 2.02 David Miller on Socialist Freedom & Community 93 2.1 Mill & Rawls on the Human Good 99 2.11 Mill’s Aristotelian Utilitarianism: ‘Socrates Dissatisfied Is Better Than A Fool Satisfied’ 100 2.12 Rawls’ Aristotelian Principle 105 2.2 Endogenous Preference Formation 108 2.3 Knowledge Concerning Human Needs and Capacities 114 2.4 The Spectre of Social Engineering 119 2.5 Consumer Society 122 2.6 Conclusion 133 PART THREE: PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION & THE SATISFACTION OF THE DUAL ASPECT OF NEEDS UNDER COMMUNISM Technology, An Unconditional Basic Income and Associations of Producers 3.0 Introduction 135 3.01 Aristotle on Slavery, Marx on Economic Surplus & the Class Basis of Pre-Communist Freedom 139 3.02 Oligopolistic Capitalism: Global Capitalism without Capitalists 149 Soviet Socialism vs. Western Capitalism The Marxian Technological-Fix 3.1 The Womb of Capitalism & Production Under Communism 167 3.11 Technology 172 3.111 The Marxian Technological-Fix: The Tendency for Labour Factors to be Replaced by Capital Factors 175 Unemployment & Underemployment 3.112 Fettering: U«^/erconsumption of the Capitalist Economic Product & a Basic Income 202 3.1121 The Contradiction Thesis 213 Counteracting Tendencies: (i) New Capitalist Industries & Business Demanding Labour Factors (ii) International Trade & the World Market (iii) The State (a) Nationalised Industry (b) Welfare (c) Demand Management Global Capitalism Requires a Supra-National Neo-Keynesianism Japan’s Present Underconsumption Crisis The Necessity o f a Basic Income 3.1122 The Correspondence Thesis 239 Alasdair MacIntyre’s Idea o f a Social Practice Internal & External Goods MacIntyre’s Moral ‘Conservatism ’ MacIntyre’s Pessimism 3.12 Associations of Producers 263 3.121 The Paradox of Profit Argument: The Market, Money & the Motives of Greed & Fear 265 3.122 Communism Contra Neo-Conservatism 273 (i) ‘Attractive labour & individual self-realisation ’ (ii) The ‘Inverting ’ Power o f Capitalist Free Market Exchange & Money (iii) Beyond Egoism & Altruism: The Demands of Morality & the Social Determination o f the Self 3.13 A System of Associative Market Socialism 299 Labo ur/Capital Oligopolistic Capitalism Associations & Market Socialism Soviet Socialist Collectivism & Liberal Socialist Egalitarianism 3.2 Conclusion 319 BIBLIOGRAPHY 321 PREFACE In the preface to his book History, Labour & Freedom G.A. Cohen poses the following three questions for socialists: First, what do we want? What, in general, and even not so general terms, is the form of socialist society that we seek? Second, why do we want it? What exactly is wrong with capitalism, and what is right about socialism? Third, how can we achieve it? What are the implications for practice of the fact that the working class in advanced capitalist society is not now what it once was, or what it was once thought to be?’ In this thesis I aim to provide some Marxist answers to these questions. Answers to these questions cannot be easily read off the corpus of Marx’s writings, his writings are suggestive of a number of approaches. However, some approaches are better than others. This thesis is divided into three main parts. In part one I contrast three approaches to developing a specifically Marxist critique of capitalism. I present and defend what I take to be the critical basis of Marxism, which centres on the claim that man is alienated within the capitalist mode of production. I label my own position Alienation Marxism because I believe that Marx’s early writings on alienation provide us with, firstly, a relevant account of what he took to be wrong with capitalism; secondly, the means to make best sense of his later writings on history, economics and freedom; and, thirdly, the key to understanding how Marx envisaged a viable post-capitalist communism. In developing my preferred ‘weapon of criticism’ I also undertake a ‘criticism of weapons’.^ Thus, in my defence of Alienation Marxism I discuss and distinguish my views from those who champion, what I term, the Efficiency and Justice approaches to establishing a Marxist critique of capitalism. History. Labour & Freedom (Oxford, 1988), p.xii. 2 Karl Marx ‘Towards a Critique o f Hegel’s Philosophy o f Right: Introduction in Karl Marx Selected Writings (Oxford, 1977), ed. David McLellan, p.69. Critique is not enough. Objections to any past, prevailing or potential social order must clue us into the aims of, and means to, a preferable social order. Aims. As regards aims, in part two I discuss and defend a Marxian conception of freedom as self-realisation which, I argue, forms the positive counterpart to Marx’s negative (critical) writings on capitalism.