Tribal System and its effects on District Rajanpur RESEARCHER Farooq Ahmed Roll No. 8 Session: 2014-2016 M. Phil Pakistan Studies (Distance) SUPERVISOR Prof. Dr. M. Akber Malik DEPARTMENT OF Pak. Studies 1 Abstract The term tribe is derived from the Latin word 'tribes' meaning the 'poor or the masses'. In English language the word 'tribe' appeared in the sixteenth century and denoted a community of persons claiming descent from a common ancestor. This thesis attempts to give an insight of the tribal system in District Rajanpur and particularly its impacts on its society. The tribal society is a unique society with diversity of nature and people. Many of the tribes with their forest-dwelling culture do not have the motivation or the skill of settled cultivation. As a result, their land has been alienated to their better endowed tribal neighbors or non-tribal’s. There have been many tribal studies in Pakistan based on tribal economy, land alienation, socio-economic development, tribal culture etc. It is highly imperative to have a look at these tribal studies by various Anthropologists, Research scholars, etc. It will define social change produced by the tribal system in District Rajanpur as a process that causes a transformation in the social, political and economic relations of power in a society. It is not necessarily pro-poor, or positive, depending upon tribe’s political perspective. In our view those processes that lead to a more equitable distribution of power and resources among all members of society, that protect the fundamental rights of citizens of the tribal area of District Rajanpur, and that empower state and other institutions to protect those rights, could be viewed as pro-poor processes of social change. Statement of Problem According to title there are three issues to be searched and analyzed: 1. The tribal area and system in District Rajanpur, 2. Socio-cultural values of tribal system, 3. Impacts/effects of tribal system on other than tribal area of District Rajanpur. Objectives of Research According to the title of thesis, following objectives are to be considerd for research:. i) To evaluate the geography and demography of tribes living in the boundries of District Rajanpur. ii) To study the socio-cultural features of Tribal area of District Rajanpur. iii) The trend of the people of tribal area of District Rajanpur towards area other than Tribal area. iv) The impact of socio-political and economic impact of tribal system on District Rajanpur v) The elements affecting the behavior of the tribes and solutions. In The Name Of Allah The Most Beneficent, Ever Merciful i Table of Contents Sr.No. Page No. Dedication II Statement &Declaration III Certificate IV Acknowledgment V Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Chapter 1; History and Geography of District Rajanpur 1.1 Introduction and History of District Rajanpur 1.2 Physical and Geographical Features of District Rajanpur 1.3 Cultural aspects of District Rajanpur Chapter 2: Introduction of Tribal System of District Rajanpur 2.1 Tribal Structure and Culture of Tribal Area 2.2 Main Tribes of the Area 2.3 Political Personalities of Tribal Area Chapter 3: Infrastructure and Socio-Political Problems 3.1 Infrastructure of Tribal System 3.2Socio-Cultural Factors 3.3The Politics of Privilege in Tribal System Chapter 4: Impacts of Tribal System on District Rajanpur 4.1 Cultural Impacts 4.2 Social Impacts vi 4.3 Economic and Political Impacts Conclusion Bibliography vii Introduction District Rajanpur is mainly a rural district of Punjab. The overall population of the district was 1.104 million in 1998, with a population density of 90 persons per square kilometer. Geographically, Rajanpur is bounded on the north by DG Khan; on its east are Muzaffargurh and Rahimyar Khan and on south lies district Jacobabad while on the west are the districts of Dera Bugti and Barkan of Balochistan province. Currently, it is comprised of three tehsils: Jampur, Rajanpur and Rojhan. It is mainly an agricultural area and has mineral resources in the form of natural gas, gypsum and uranium. Remarkable industrial units have also been set up here. Raganpur District has a very particular territory with particular culture, environment and conventions. So keeping in view the particular trends of local populace, during the British rule ―Tuman Dari‖ system was introduced in the tribal belt of this district. The impact of this administrative system still prevails in the political arrangement in the district. Chieftaincy of various Pro-British tribes was established and demarcation of territories of each such tribe was brought into effect. The domain of each tribe was given the name of ―Tuman‖. The tribal Chief was given semi- autonomous status for administration in his jurisdiction. Rajanpur District has three complete Tumans and part of one Tuman known as: (i) Tuman Mazari (ii) Tuman Gorchani 1 (iii) Tuman Deraishak (iv) Tuman Leghari (some part) In British rule, the Tuman Chieftains enjoyed an authoritative status. Jirga system was at the top of the authority list. After independence all the power, control and authorization of Tuman chiefs have been revoked. However the impact of their authorities even now a day can be seen in the tribal area of District Rajanpur.If we glance at the electoral conditions of the District, we can see that the chieftains of some particular tribe have been regularly and continuously competing and winning the elections. No alternate political leadership has succeeded to achieve recognition in political field. Its data analytical sketches are as under: Statement Problem According to the title ―Tribal System and its effects on District Rajanpur‖research is oriented with three aspects Tribal System, District Rajanpur and effects of Tribal system on different fields. Objectives In the light of the introduction and statement problem of this research, various factors regarding the manners and the impacts of tribal system will be discussed in my dissertation. The following points are the objectives of my research. 2 i) The nature of Tribal System in District Rajanpur. ii) The features of Tribal System of District Rajanpur. iii) The trend of the people of tribal area of District Rajanpur towards area other than Tribal area. iv) The impact of political, social and economic condition on the behavior of population. v) A survey of the domination of tribal Chiefs, Nawabs and Waderas (feudal lords). vi) The elements affecting the behavior of the tribes and solutions. vii) Impact of science and technology in tribal areas and indication towards the future political organizations. Importance of Research Research about tribal system is very important because it would provide the knowledge to the student of Anthropology and Pakistan Study about Tribal System and still its presence in District Rajanpur even in the period of modernity. In the same way it will introduces District Rajanpur, its administration socio- economic sector etc. This research is also interesting and helpful for the culturist because through it we have to study the customs, traditions and cultural aspects of Tribal Area. It would also help to study the role of Cheftains of Tribal Area in the Politics of Pakistan and the contribution of the people of Tribes toward Pakistan. 3 Research Methodology During the research course of action following research methods will be adopted.During the research field survey will be conducted. Govt. officers, tribal chiefs, civil society, political workers and politicians will be consulted and discussions will be held with them.To achieve the research objectives documentary resources will be applied. These resources would be the printed as well as non-printed material. These would be of two categories i.e.: (i) Primary Resources (ii) Secondary Resource. District Gazettes published in British Rule and the reports complied by the local administration would be the main resources. Moreover, public and government libraries will be consulted which include books magazines and editorials. Literature Review There is a lot of literary material about the introduction of Tribal area and Tribal system in District Rajnpur. In the same many books are present in libraries that are concerned with the customs and traditions of Tribes living in Dera Ghazi Kahn Division. But I have to review few of them which are more authentic and provide firsthand knowledge about the topic. 4 “Tawarikh Dera Ghazi Khan” is written by Munshi Hokum Chand Assistant Commissioner of Dera GhaziKhan in 1975 and Published by Indus Publications. It is divided in four parts and each part further divided in chapters. It consists of 869 pages. It is written in ancient Urdu. It is a primary source about the history, administrations, Tribes and customs of Dera Ghazi Khan. In the past Present District Rajanpur was a part of District Dera Ghazi Khan so it is also discussed in it. Title of part one is Geography and all issues concerning to geography like area, boundaries, rivers, introduction of different cities that are part of District are given discussed in it briefly. In this chapter Rajanpur along with its tribal area are also discussed in it. Part second is about the Tribes and costs living in Dera Ghazi Kahn and its different parts. In the same chapters religious, social, triabl customs and traditions are also highlighted after deep observations. Part three is also of same nature. Part fourth is about the administration with respect to government taxes. “Gul Bahar” is also a primary source about the Tribal area ad Tribal system. It was compiled by Hato Ram in 1962 and later edited by Aziz Muhammad Bugti in 1982 and published by Baloch Acadmey Quetta. It is divided in four parts and each part is further divided in four chapters that are expanded on 377 pages. 5 Chapter one of part first is about the introduction of District Dera Ghazi Khan and its administrative organization.