COMPARATIVE POLITICS MA [Political Science] Second Semester POLS 802C First Semester II (POLS 702C) [ENGLISH EDITION] Directorate of Distance Education TRIPURA UNIVERSITY Reviewer Dr Nivedita Giri Assistant Professor, Jesus & Mary College, University of Delhi Authors: Dr Saidur Rahman (Unit: 1.2) © Dr. Saidur Rahman, 2016 Dr Biswaranjan Mohanty (Units: 2.2, 3.2, 4.2.2, 4.5) © Dr. Biswaranjan Mohanty, 2016 Dr Jyoti Trehan Sharma and Dr Monica M Nandi (Units: 2.6-2.6.1, 4.6) © Dr Jyoti Trehan Sharma and Dr Monica M Nandi, 2016 Vikas Publishing House (Units: 1.0-1.1, 1.3, 1.4-1.12, 2.0-2.1, 2.2.1, 2.3-2.5, 2.6.2-2.12, 3.0-3.1, 3.3-3.10, 4.0-4.2.1, 4.3-4.4, 4.7-4.11) © Reserved, 2016 Books are developed, printed and published on behalf of Directorate of Distance Education, Tripura University by Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Office: 7361, Ravindra Mansion, Ram Nagar, New Delhi 110 055 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE Comparative Politics Syllabi Mapping in Book UNIT I: Approaches to the Study of Comparative Politics Unit 1: Approaches to the Study of Systems Theory and Structural Functionalism Comparative Politics Institutionalism (Pages 3-112) Political Economy Approach Organizing the State Constitutions and Constitutionalism Unitary State, Federations and Confederations Non-Democratic Systems Unit II: Governmental Structures Unit 2: Governmental Structures Legislatures and Constitutionalism (Pages 113-186) Bureaucracy and Military Judiciary Parties and Groups Electoral Systems and Elections Parties and Party Systems Political Dynamics and Groups in Politics Unit III: Political Regimes: Democracy and Autocracy Unit 3: Political Regimes: Types of Democracy Democracy and Autocracy Types of Dictatorship (Pages 187-246) Case Studies: South Africa, Nigeria, Iran Institutions Institutions: Constitutions Institutions: Federalism and Decentralization Case-Study Discussions: UK, US, France and Germany Unit IV: Political Development Modernization and Political Development Unit 4: Political Development Underdevelopment (Pages 247-316) Revolutions Non-State Political Process Social Movements Non-Governmental Organizations CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 UNIT 1 APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF COMPARATIVE POLITICS 3-112 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Systems Theory and Structural Functionalism 1.2.1 Talcott Parsons’ Systematic View of Society 1.2.2 R. K. Merton’s Systematic View of Society 1.2.3 Major Criticism of Structural Functionalism 1.2.4 Neo-functionalism 1.3 Institutionalism 1.3.1 Historical Background 1.3.2 Institutional Approach and the Emergence of Comparative Government 1.4 Political Economy Approach 1.4.1 Liberal Perspectives 1.5 Constitutions and Constitutionalism 1.5.1 Comparative Government and Comparative Politics (Differences and Similarities) 1.5.2 New Approaches to the Study of Government and Politics 1.5.3 Classification of Constitution: Aristotle 1.5.4 Modern Classification of Constitution: C. F. Strong 1.5.5 Constitutionalism: C. J. Friedrich 1.6 Unitary State, Federations and Confederations 1.6.1 Process of Elections 1.6.2 Powers and Functions of the US President 1.6.3 Comparison between the US President and the British King and Prime Minister 1.6.4 Comparison between the American and the British Cabinet 1.6.5 Comparison between the British Speaker and the American Speaker 1.6.6 Unitary Form of Government 1.6.7 Federal Government 1.7 Non-Democratic Systems 1.8 Summary 1.9 Key Terms 1.10 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.11 Questions and Exercises 1.12 Further Reading UNIT 2 GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURES 113-186 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Unit Objectives 2.2 Legislatures and Constitutionalism 2.2.1 Constitutionalism 2.3 Bureaucracy and Military 2.3.1 Military 2.3.2 Bureaucracy 2.4 Judiciary 2.4.1 Judiciary and Judicial Review in India 2.4.2 Principles of Judicial Review 2.4.3 Judicial Doctrine under the Constitution 2.5 Electoral Systems and Elections 2.5.1 Election Commission 2.5.2 Comptroller and Auditor General of India 2.6 Parties and Party–Systems 2.6.1 Evolution of the Party System in India in the Post-Independence Era 2.6.2 Regional Political Parties 2.7 Political dynamics and Groups in Politics 2.8 Summary 2.9 Key Terms 2.10 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 2.11 Questions and Exercises 2.12 Further Reading UNIT 3 POLITICAL REGIMES: DEMOCRACYANDAUTOCRACY 187-246 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Unit Objectives 3.2 Concept of Democracy 3.2.1 Types of Democracy 3.2.2 Miscellaneous Features of Democracy 3.3 Types of Dictatorship 3.4 Institutions: Constitutions 3.4.1 Salient Features of the Indian Constitution 3.4.2 Sources of Constitution of India 3.5 Institutions: Federalism and Decentralization 3.5.1 Debate on Federalism and Decentralization 3.6 Summary 3.7 Key Terms 3.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 3.9 Questions and Exercises 3.10 Further Reading UNIT 4 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT 247-316 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Unit Objectives 4.2 Modernization and Political Development 4.2.1 Political Modernization 4.2.2 Theories and Bases of Modernization 4.3 Underdevelopment 4.4 Revolutions 4.4.1 Marx’s Theory of Revolution 4.4.2 Marxist Theories of Revolution: Lenin, Mao and Gramsci 4.4.3 Post-Modernism 4.5 Social Movements 4.6 Non-Governmental Organizations 4.6.1 Importance of NGOs 4.7 Summary 4.8 Key Terms 4.9 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 4.10 Questions and Exercises 4.11 Further Reading Introduction INTRODUCTION Politics plays a defining role in the society. It not only lays the foundation of our NOTES social life but also is the building block of the civil society. It performs the legal and administrative function of the society protecting states from complete anarchy. The comparative study of politics and government examines political institutions— from constitutions to executives to parliaments to parties to electoral laws—and the processes and relationships that account for stability and change in political economy, culture, conflict, government, rights and public policy. The book, Comparative Politics presents a comprehensive study of various approaches and theories of comparative politics. It is divided into four units. Unit one covers the various approaches to the study of comparative politics. It also provides a comprehensive study of the concept of constitutionalism, federations and confederations. Unit two discusses the governmental structures and the party and group dynamics. Unit three provides the models and theories of democracy and dictatorship. It also provides comprehensive case studies on the dictatorship patterns of South Africa, Nigeria and Iran. The constitution and governing framework of UK, US, France and Germany is also discussed. Unit four covers the political development and non-state political processes and social movements. This book has been designed keeping in mind the self-instruction mode (SIM) format and follows a simple pattern, wherein each unit of the book begins with the Introduction followed by the Unit Objectives for the topic. The content is then presented in a simple and easy-to-understand manner, and is interspersed with Check Your Progress questions to reinforce the student’s understanding of the topic. A list of Questions and Exercises is also provided at the end of each unit. The Summary and Key Terms further act as useful tools for students and are meant for effective recapitulation of the text. Self-Instructional Material 1 Approaches to the Study of UNIT 1 APPROACHES TO THE Comparative Politics STUDY OF COMPARATIVE NOTES POLITICS Structure 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Unit Objectives 1.2 Systems Theory and Structural Functionalism 1.2.1 Talcott Parsons’ Systematic View of Society 1.2.2 R. K. Merton’s Systematic View of Society 1.2.3 Major Criticism of Structural Functionalism 1.2.4 Neo-functionalism 1.3 Institutionalism 1.3.1 Historical Background 1.3.2 Institutional Approach and the Emergence of Comparative Government 1.4 Political Economy Approach 1.4.1 Liberal Perspectives 1.5 Constitutions and Constitutionalism 1.5.1 Comparative Government and Comparative Politics (Differences and Similarities) 1.5.2 New Approaches to the Study of Government and Politics 1.5.3 Classification of Constitution: Aristotle 1.5.4 Modern Classification of Constitution: C. F. Strong 1.5.5 Constitutionalism: C. J. Friedrich 1.6 Unitary State, Federations and Confederations 1.6.1 Process of Elections 1.6.2 Powers and Functions of the US President 1.6.3 Comparison between the US President and the British King and Prime Minister 1.6.4 Comparison between the American and the British Cabinet 1.6.5 Comparison between the British Speaker and the American Speaker 1.6.6 Unitary Form of Government 1.6.7 Federal Government 1.7 Non-Democratic Systems 1.8 Summary 1.9 Key Terms 1.10 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.11 Questions and Exercises 1.12 Further Reading 1.0 INTRODUCTION Political Science is a branch of the larger area of social sciences and is different from natural sciences.