SRTRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY OF RIVER CHENAB AND ITS MANAGEMENT submitted By MUHAMMAD TOUSIF BHATTI (2005-PhD-CEWRE-07) FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING University of Engineering and Technology LAHORE, PAKISTAN i SRTRATEGIC ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY OF RIVER CHENAB AND ITS MANAGEMENT By Muhammad Tousif Bhatti 2005-Ph.D.-CEWRE-07 A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING Thesis examination date: 30-05-2009 ________________________________ Prof. Dr. Muhammad Latif Prof. Dr. M.A.Q Jahangir Durrani Research Advisor & Internal Examiner External Examiner NWFP University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar, Pakistan ________________________ Prof. Dr. Muhammad Latif Director, CEWRE Thesis Submitted on: CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan 2009 ii This work is dedicated to my mother she could not wait to see the completion of this work but her prayers, love and care enabled me to do it all May her soul rest in Heavens (Aameen) iii ABSTRACT Water quality of many rivers in the developing countries is under serious threat of degradation and Pakistan is no exception to this. The river water may be polluted by the effluents stemming from industrial, municipal, agricultural or mining activities. The most affected rivers are those flowing through the urban areas and subjected to anthropogenic activities. The river Chenab, traversing near the industrial cities and municipalities, is largely used for constant disposal of untreated effluents in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Consequently water quality of the river degrades particularly in the low flow months. This study was conducted to monitor, assess and model the water quality (WQ) of river Chenab over a length of 292 km from its entrance in Pakistan at Marala. The monitoring program was conducted during low flow months (October to March) of years 2006-7 and 2007-8. Water samples were collected from seven locations along the river and all the contributing drains as well. These samples were analyzed for a variety of physical, chemical and biological quality parameters. The data collected from monitoring as well as from secondary sources were utilized in three phases of analysis. In the first phase water quality indices (WQIs) were calculated using CWQI 1.0 model developed by Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). Three intended uses of river water i.e. drinking, aquatic life and irrigation were incorporated for WQI calculations at selected points along the river. In the second phase, mathematical model (MIKE 11 model developed by Danish Hydraulic Institute (DHI), Denmark) was formulated to simulate a conservative WQ parameter v (salinity of river water). Two non-conservative WQ parameters (dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)) were modeled in third phase of the analysis using MIKE 11 model. The results of WQI revealed that the lower river reach (185 to 233 km) was more polluted than the upper 185 km segment. In this river reach, overall WQI ranking were poor for drinking and marginal for both irrigation and aquatic life. The WQIs for all three uses were ranked poor at sampling point located at 233 km below Marala headworks. The calibrated model for salinity simulated the most saline condition in the river during the months with minimum flow (i.e. November and December). The results also depicted high salinity in the downstream river reach receiving polluted effluents from two major drains (Faqirian Sillanwali and Chakbandi drain). Finally the model was calibrated and validated for DO and BOD. The results of simulations indicated DO depletion and high BOD levels in the downstream river reaches particularly from 200 to 270 km. Different scenarios were also tested to predict the river water salinity by varying discharge of the drains. The salinity of river water was found highly sensitive to the amount of effluents added by the surface drains. The study of management scenarios for BOD suggested that the maximum water quality improvement can be achieved if there is no diversion of flow from the river coupled with 60 percent reduction in BOD of the drain effluents through treatment. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS All praise to ALMIGHTY ALLAH, the most compassionate, the most merciful; who blessed me to complete my studies and humblest and deepest gratitude to the greatest educator of mankind, the Holy Prophet MUHAMMAD (Peace be Upon Him). My deepest gratefulness is due to my Research Advisor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Latif (Director, Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore) whose intellectual inspiration, guidance, encouragement and regular discussions have been invaluable to me. His continual willingness to listen, discuss and render critical judgments helped me to produce this work in its present shape. I wish to acknowledge my external examiners; Prof. Dr. M.A.Q. Jahangir Durrani (Pakistan), Prof. Dr. Faisal Khan (Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada) and Prof. Dr. Shahbaz Khan (UNESCO, France) for assessing my PhD dissertation in spite of their professional and administrative engagements. I am thankful for their useful suggestions, personal interest, encouraging attitude and devoted guidance. Their critical readings and suggestions were helpful in further improving the dissertation. I express my heartiest thankfulness to my father Muhammad Idrees Bhatti whose motivation, support, love and prayers have always been with me in my life. I vii also acknowledge my beloved sisters and brothers for their continuous encouragement and care for me. My thanks are due to my friends especially Adnan Khan Niazi, Zeeshan Shehzad and Nadeem Abbas. Their love, sincerity and support are priceless. The whole remains incomplete, if I do not record my sincerest thanks to all faculty members and staff of CEWRE for their continued help and cooperation in completion of my research work and this manuscript. I also acknowledge the contribution of all those who helped me in any way during data collection, analysis and other phases of this research study. Eng. Muhammad Tousif Bhatti Dated: June 4, 2009 viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................v AKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................................................................ix LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................xiii LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................xv LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ................................................................................................xviii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY.............................................................1 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND SCOPE OF WORK...............................4 1.3 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS ........................................................................6 1.4 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................7 II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...............................................................................8 2.1 LOW FLOW ANALYSIS.............................................................................8 2.1.1 Low-Flow Measures and Indices and Their Estimation from Stream-Flow Time Series ……… .........................................9 2.2 WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT.....................14 2.2.1 Global Perspective………................................................................14 2.2.2 Local Perspective………..................................................................27 2.3 WATER QUALITY INDEXING.................................................................33 2.4 WATER QUALITY MODELING...............................................................38 2.4.1 Global Perspective……………........................................................38 2.4.2 Local Perspective…………… .........................................................48 2.5 DERIVED CONCLUSION ..........................................................................49 III MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT OF RIVER WATER QUALITY .......52 3.1 THE RIVER CHENAB.................................................................................52 3.1.1 Historical Background…. .................................................................52 3.1.2 Location….........................................................................................52 3.1.3 Chenab River Basin…. .....................................................................53 ix Table of Contents (Continued) 3.1.4 River Topology……….....................................................................54 3.1.5 Hydraulic Infrastructures….. ............................................................56 3.1.6 Travel and Lead Times….. ...............................................................68 3.1.7 Historical Discharges. .......................................................................70