Úvod 1 CCaramuel.indbaramuel.indb 1 22.7.2008.7.2008 111:00:401:00:40 2 O věčnosti světa CCaramuel.indbaramuel.indb 2 22.7.2008.7.2008 111:00:431:00:43 Úvod 3 Juan Caramuel Lobkowitz: The Last Scholastic Polymath CCaramuel.indbaramuel.indb 3 22.7.2008.7.2008 111:00:431:00:43 4 O věčnosti světa CCaramuel.indbaramuel.indb 4 22.7.2008.7.2008 111:00:431:00:43 Úvod 5 Juan Caramuel Lobkowitz: The Last Scholastic Polymath Petr Dvořák Jacob Schmutz (editors) 2008 CCaramuel.indbaramuel.indb 5 22.7.2008.7.2008 111:00:431:00:43 6 O věčnosti světa The volume was made possible by the grant „Conference commemorating the 400th anniversary of the birth of Juan Caramuel Lobkowicz“, no. 7/3199/2006, awarded by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic, and fi nancial donations made by the Library of Strahov Monastery in Prague and the Graduate School (*Ecole doctorale*) of the University of Paris-IV Sorbonne. The following pages contain a reprint of *Brevissimum totius Cabalae pecimen* published within *De anagrammatismo, quae Cabalae pars est, diatriba* by Henrik van Put (Erycius Puteanus), which is a National Library of the Czech Republic in Prague item no. 8K114/1643. Reprinted by the courtesy of the library. Scholarly review by Prof. PhDr. Stanislav Sousedík, CSc. Published by © , 2008 Institute of Philosophy, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague Edited by © Petr Dvořák, Jacob Schmutz, 2008 Cover © ??????? Copyright of the papers held by the individual authors. Printed by PB tisk Příbram, Czech Republic ISBN CCaramuel.indbaramuel.indb 6 22.7.2008.7.2008 111:00:431:00:43 Úvod 7 Contents Caramuel in Prague: The Intellectual Roots of Mitteleuropa . 11 Petr Dvořák, Jacob Schmutz Philosophy Formal Logic in Juan Caramuel . 31 Petr Dvořák Caramuel on Naturalistic Fallacy . 45 Jacob Schmutz Ens rationis in Caramuel’s Leptotatos (1681) . 71 Daniel Dominik Novotný Theology, Judaism, Historical Proof Distinctions Without Practical Effect: Caramuel’s Apologema and Dialexis de Non-certitudine on the Standard Classifi cations for Probable Opinions . 87 Julia A. Fleming Probabilismus im Kloster. Caramuels Theologia regularis . 99 Ulrich Gottfried Leinsle Caramuel, a Cistercian Casuist . 117 Jean-Robert Armogathe “On Rabbinic Atheism”: Caramuel’s Critique of Cabala . 129 Yossef Schwartz CCaramuel.indbaramuel.indb 7 22.7.2008.7.2008 111:00:431:00:43 8 O věčnosti světa Jews of Prague & Jews of Spain: Juan Caramuel’s Account of Medieval Sephardic Writings in his Dominicus (Vienna 1655) . 147 Henry W. Sullivan « Haec quo magis publica, eo magis sunt infallibilia » : la validité des preuves historiques dans le Philippus Prudens et la Pax licita de Caramuel . 185 Anne-Marie Barrande-Azam Science, Music, Architecture Caramuels Schrift Mathesis biceps, vetus et nova . 203 Karel Mačák „Intellectus igitur, non reperit, sed facit Numeros“ Caramuels Refl exionen über das Zahlensystem . 219 Georg Schuppener Shaping a Musical Encyclopaedia: Caramuel’s Musica and its Sources . 235 Daniele Sabaino The Narrative of the Architectural Orders in the Treatise Arquitectura civil recta y oblicua by Juan Caramuel . 257 María Elisa Navarro Juan Caramuel Lobkowitz as Theoretician and Practitioner of Architecture. Caramuel in Prague: Between Theory and Practice . 273 Pavel Štěpánek Caramuel’s “Theoscope” and the Vindication of Prudential Probabilism . 285 Jorge Fernández-Santos Ortiz-Iribas CCaramuel.indbaramuel.indb 8 22.7.2008.7.2008 111:00:441:00:44 Úvod 9 Prague Life and Intellectual Life Caramuel et le siège de Prague en 1648 . 307 Olivier Chaline Teaching of Philosophy and Theology in Prague at the Time of Caramuel’s Stay and his Contacts with Prague Tertiary Institutions . 217 Hedvika Kuchařová Juan Caramuel und Jan Marcus Marci . 329 Josef Smolka Juan Caramuel’s Journey from Flanders to the Palatinate: A Travel Diary Presented to Fabio Chigi in 1644 . 353 Jorge Fernández-Santos Ortiz-Iribas Editorial note . 405 Index . 407 CCaramuel.indbaramuel.indb 9 22.7.2008.7.2008 111:00:441:00:44 10 O věčnosti světa CCaramuel.indbaramuel.indb 1100 22.7.2008.7.2008 111:00:441:00:44 Caramuel in Prague: The Intellectual Roots of Mitteleuropa 11 Caramuel in Prague: The Intellectual Roots of Mitteleuropa The Spanish polymath Juan Caramuel Lobkowitz (1606–1682) spent about ten years of his life in Prague – “the most novelistic and radi- ant in a life-story that was already stranger than fi ction”, as Henry Sullivan has suggestively written.1 The papers in this volume hope to shed new light on this central period of his life, but also to give new insights of the intellectual achievements of an author to whom his contemporaries and fi rst biographers referred only in superlatives. It is also a way to document more extensively the intellectual life of what can be seen as the founding epoch of intellectual Mitteleuropa, a tradi- tion that would last until the fi rst part of the twentieth century, before being torn apart by the Nazi disaster and the Cold War. I. Born in Madrid in 1606, Juan Caramuel Lobkowitz was apparently himself of Central European descent. His curious name betrays his origins: Caramuel is a Spanish-sounding version of Cramer, since his father was of Luxemburgish origin;2 his mother bore a Flemish name, De Vries, but her own mother was Regina, the youngest daughter of 1 H. W. Sullivan, “Fray Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz O.Cist.: The Prague Years, 1647–1659”, in: Corónente tus hazañas. Studies in Honor of John Jay Allen, ed. M. J. McGrath, Juan de la Cuesta Hispanic Studies, Newark (DE) 2005, pp. 339–374. 2 In his oldest autographs, Caramuel spells his name Charamuer or Caramuer, with a fi nal “r” (he does so while in Salamanca). His father Lorenzo, in the earli- est documents found by Jorge Fernández-Santos, was referred to as Cramer, obvi- ously also a Spanish version of Kramer. CCaramuel.indbaramuel.indb 1111 22.7.2008.7.2008 111:00:441:00:44 12 Juan Caramuel Lobkowitz: The Last Scholastic Polymath Jan Popel von Lobkowitz (1521–1590).3 It seems that Caramuel only began to claim this ancestry after his arrival in Prague, having realized that the Lobkowitz name could open doors in Central Europe. His life and academic career are well known, thanks to ancient and more recent biographies. It may however be useful to summarize some of its major moments for the unfamiliar reader.4 He was educated in the best academic institutions of the Spanish peninsula, successively at the universities of Alcalà de Henares and Salamanca, and among his masters we fi nd some of the major scholastic philosophers and theologians of the time: in Alcalà, he was taught by Benito Sánchez de Herrera, John of Saint Thomas (João Poinsot, 1589–1644), Pedro de Lorca (1561–1621) and Juan Martínez de Prado (†1668). In Sala- manca, he studied under the Cistercians Luis Bernaldo de Quirós and Ángel Manrique (1577–1649) and the Dominican Francico de Araújo (1580–1664). He probably also attended the last classes of Agustín Antolínez (1554–1626; who taught until 1622), the major Augustin- ian theologian of the time, and probably visited the Jesuit college, since he often mentions the opinions of Pedro Hurtado de Mendoza (1578–1641), the master of an entire generation, and the mysterious Jesuit Jerónimo José de Lázarraga (1577–after 1622). In 1625 he en- tered the Royal Monastery of La Espina (near Valladolid) and be- came a novice in the Cistercian Order. After several years spent in monasteries of the order in Spain, he was despatched to the Spanish Low countries, and more specifi cally to the 3 Cf. the latest history of the Lobkowitz family to date, S. Kasík, P. Mašek, M. Mžy- ková, Lobkowiczové. Dějiny a genealogie rodu, Veduta, České Budějovice 2002. 4 The standard account is J. Tadisi, Memorie della vita di Monsignore Giovanni Caramuel di Lobkowitz, vescovo di Vigevano, Venice 1760. The major monographs including biographical details are: L. Ceyssens, “Autour de Caramuel”, Bulletin de l’Institut historique belge de Rome 33, 1961, pp. 329–410; D. Pastine, Juan Cara- muel: Probabilismo ed Enciclopedia, La Nuova Italia, Florence 1975; J. Velarde Lombraña, Juan Caramuel. Vida y obra, Pentalfa, Oviedo 1989; A. Serrai, Phoenix Europae. Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz in prospettiva bibliografi ca, Edizioni Sylvestre Bonnard, Milano 2005. For a complete updated bibliography see: J. Schmutz, “Ca- ramuel electronicus”, http://pagesperso-orange.fr/caramuel/ CCaramuel.indbaramuel.indb 1122 22.7.2008.7.2008 111:00:441:00:44 Caramuel in Prague: The Intellectual Roots of Mitteleuropa 13 very troubled University of Louvain. He spent ten years in Louvain and its surroundings, taking part in numerous controversies fuelled by the presence of the Jansenist party (Jansenius, bishop of Ypres since 1636, died of the plague in 1638), the Jesuit theologians and the Irish Franciscans. In 1638, he obtained his doctorate in theology in Louvain, but failed to gain a chair. Through the intercession of the King of Spain, Philip IV, and of Fabio Chigi (1599–1667), the papal nuncio in Cologne, he fi nally accepted to become abbot of Disiboden- berg in the Lower Palatinate. His “journey to the empire” is presented for the fi rst time in this volume, by means of a fantastic document unearthed by Jorge Fernández-Santos: a 39-page long letter kept with the rest of Fabio Chigi’s (future pope Alexander VII’s) manuscripts at the Vatican Library. Caramuel left Louvain in February, and arrived at Bad Kreuznach by 20 April 1644, only to discover that the monas- tery of Disibodenberg had been burned down in the meantime. The following years spent in the Southern regions of the Empire were all marked by the Protestant-Catholic confessional confl ict and attempts of mediation, but it was also for him a period of relative isolation in what was by then an intellectual Niemandsland.