2007-2011 @ Report of a coordinated research project Integrated Approach to Dense Approach to Integrated in Nuclear Fusion Technology Nuclear Fusion in spine: 12 mm spine: Magnetized Plasmas Applications IAEA-TECDOC-1708 IAEA-TECDOC-1708 ■ INTEGRated APPROACH to DENSE MAGNETIZED PLASMAS APPLicatioNS IN NUCLEAR FUSION TECHNOLOGY VIENNA ISSN 1011–4289 ISBN 978–92–0–142810–3 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC AGENCY ENERGY ATOMIC INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATED APPROACH TO DENSE MAGNETIZED PLASMAS APPLICATIONS IN NUCLEAR FUSION TECHNOLOGY The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GUATEMALA PANAMA ALBANIA HAITI PAPUA NEW GUINEA ALGERIA HOLY SEE PARAGUAY ANGOLA HONDURAS PERU ARGENTINA HUNGARY PHILIPPINES ARMENIA ICELAND POLAND AUSTRALIA INDIA PORTUGAL AUSTRIA INDONESIA AZERBAIJAN IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF QATAR BAHRAIN IRAQ REPUBLIC OF MOLDOva BANGLADESH IRELAND ROMANIA BELARUS ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELGIUM ITALY Rwanda BELIZE JAMAICA SAUDI ARABIA BENIN JAPAN SENEGAL BOLIVIA JORDAN SERBIA BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA KAZAKHSTAN SEYCHELLES BOTSWANA KENYA SIERRA LEONE BRAZIL KOREA, REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA KUWAIT SINGAPORE BURKINA FASO Kyrgyzstan SLOVAKIA BURUNDI LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOcratic SLOVENIA CAMBODIA REPUBLIC SOUTH AFRICA CAMEROON LATVIA SPAIN CANADA LEBANON SRI LANKA CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SUDAN REPUBLIC LIBERIA SWAZILAND CHAD LIBYA SWEDEN CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWITZERLAND CHINA LITHUANIA COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CONGO MADAGASCAR TAJIKISTAN COSTA RICA MALAWI THAILAND CÔTE D’IVOIRE MALAYSIA THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CROATIA MALI REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CUBA MaltA TOGO CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA TUNISIA DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS TURKEY OF THE CONGO MEXICO UGANDA DENMARK MONACO DOMINICA MONGOLIA UKRAINE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONTENEGRO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ECUADOR MOROCCO UNITED KINGDOM OF EGYPT MOZAMBIQUE GREAT BRITAIN AND EL SALVADOR MYANMAR NORTHERN IRELAND ERITREA NAMIBIA UNITED REPUBLIC ESTONIA NEPAL OF TANZANIA ETHIOPIA NETHERLANDS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NEW ZEALAND FIJI URUGUAY FINLAND NICARAGUA UZBEKISTAN FRANCE NIGER GABON NIGERIA VENEZUELA GEORGIA NORWAY VIETNAM GERMANY OMAN YEMEN GHANA PAKISTAN ZAMBIA GREECE PALAU ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. IAEA-TECDOC-1708 INTEGRATED APPROACH TO DENSE MAGNETIZED PLASMAS APPLICATIONS IN NUCLEAR FUSION TECHNOLOGY Report of a Coordinated Research Project 2007 – 2011 INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2013 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books For further information on this publication, please contact: Physics Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria Email: [email protected] © IAEA, 2013 Printed by the IAEA in Austria April 2013 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Integrated approach to dense magnetized plasmas applications in nuclear fusion technology : report of a coordinated research project 2007-2011. – Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2013. p. ; 30 cm. – (IAEA-TECDOC series, ISSN 1011-4289 ; no. 1708) ISBN 978-92-0-142810-3 Includes bibliographical references. 1. Plasma (Ionized gases) – Research. 2. Dense plasma focus. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series. IAEAL 13-00805 FOREWORD Through its coordinated research activities, the IAEA promotes the development and application of nuclear technologies in Member States. The scientific and technical knowledge required for the construction and operation of large nuclear fusion research facilities, including ITER and the Laser Mégajoule in France, and the Z machine and the National Ignition Facility in the United States of America, necessitates several accompanying research and development programmes in physics and technology. This is particularly true in the areas of materials science and fusion technology. Hence, the long standing IAEA effort to conduct coordinated research projects (CRPs) in these areas is aimed at: (i) the development of appropriate technical tools to investigate the issue of materials damage and degradation in a fusion plasma environment; and (ii) the emergence of a knowledge based understanding of the various processes underlying materials damage and degradation, thereby leading to the identification of suitable candidate materials fulfilling the stringent requirements of a fusion environment in any next step facility. Dense magnetized plasma (DMP) devices serve as a first test bench for testing of fusion relevant plasma facing materials, diagnostic development and calibration, technologies and scaling to conceptual principles of larger devices while sophisticated testing facilities such as the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) are being designed. The CRP on Integrated Approach to Dense Magnetized Plasmas Applications in Nuclear Fusion Technology described herein was initiated in 2007 with the participation of 12 research institutions in 8 Member States and was concluded in 2011. It was designed with specific research objectives falling into two main categories: support to mainstream fusion research and development of DMP technology. This publication is a compilation of the individual reports submitted by the 12 CRP participants. These reports discuss and present results of the research work undertaken as well as further expected, important spin-off applications of DMP devices. The IAEA officers responsible for the publication were R. Kamendje and T. Desai of the Division of Physical and Chemical Sciences. EDITORIAL NOTE This publication has been prepared from the original material as submitted by the authors. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations. This publication has not been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA. It does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person. The use of particular designations of countries or territories does not imply any judgement by the publisher, the IAEA, as to the legal status of such countries or territories, of their authorities and institutions or of the delimitation of their boundaries. The mention of names of specific companies or products (whether or not indicated as registered) does not imply any intention to infringe proprietary rights, nor should it be construed as an endorsement or recommendation on the part of the IAEA. The authors are responsible for having obtained the necessary permission for the IAEA to reproduce, translate or use material from sources already protected by copyrights. CONTENTS SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................... 1 COUNTRY REPORTS Investigation of the dense magnetized plasma created by plasma focus device ...................................... 7 A.B. Blagoev Creation of a dense plasma focus device and its application in radiation material sciences for the goals of the mainstream fusion researches ............................. 27 E.V. Demina, V.A. Gribkov, A.V. Dubrovsky, V.N. Pimenov, S.V. Maslyaev, M.D. Prusakova, I.P. Sasinivskaya, M. Scholz, M. Paduch, A. Tartari Technological development of dense plasma focus devices, elaboration of the dedicated interface issues and application the devices to the goals of the mainstream fusion researches ........................................................................................................ 55 A.V. Dubrovsky Dynamics of dense magnetized plasma streams and their interaction with material surfaces: comparative studies with magnetoplasma compressor (MPC) and quasi-steady-state plasma accelerator QSPA KH-50 .............................................................. 65 I.E. Garkusha, V.A. Makhlaj, A.V. Medvedev, S.V. Malykhin, A.T. Pugachev, V.V. Chebotarev, M.S. Ladygina, A.K. Marchenko, O.V. Byrka, A.N. Bandura, V.V. Staltsov, N.V. Kulik, YU.V. Petrov, V.I. Tereshin Development of the PF-6 device for the goals of the mainstream fusion researches and spin-off applications: medicine, biology, material sciences, etc. ............................................ 93 S. Jednoróg, V.A. Gribkov, M. Scholz, L. Karpinski, M. Paduch, E. Zielinska, V.N. Pimenov, E.V. Demina, A.V. Dubrovsky, S.V. Maslyaev,