University of Nevada, Reno A Crisis of Space: Identity, Subjectivity, and Materiality in Postmodern American Fiction A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English by Eric M. Stottlemyer Dr. Stacy Burton/Dissertation Advisor December, 2012 © by Eric Matthew Stottlemyer 2012 All Rights Reserved THE GRADUATE SCHOOL We recommend that the dissertation prepared under our supervision by ERIC M. STOTTLEMYER entitled A Crisis Of Space: Identity, Subjectivity, And Materiality In Postmodern American Fiction be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Stacy Burton, Ph.D., Advisor Jen Hill, Ph.D., Committee Member Justin Gifford, Ph.D., Committee Member Elizabeth Raymond, Ph.D., Committee Member Dennis Dworkin, Ph.D., Graduate School Representative Marsha H. Read, Ph. D., Dean, Graduate School December, 2012 i Abstract The material world as it is represented in postmodern American novels accounts for subjectivity and identity in ways that remain critically unexplored. This dissertation, therefore, examines representations of space, the subject, and materiality in three postmodern American novels: Housekeeping by Marilynne Robinson, Beloved by Toni Morrison, and The Road by Cormac McCarthy. For the protagonists in these novels, finding refuge in a material world attenuates the power exerted in socially constructed spaces. In this way, spatial relationships empower the individual character in a struggle against the discursive representations and socio-political forces that seek to define, limit, and determine identity performance as a means for maintaining social and political domination. Although these three novels contend with different subjects and time periods, representations of transience and spatial movement unify them, and in each novel transience is the means by which the subject disrupts discourses of power. Analyses of these novels indicate contemporary changes in how subjects are produced, and they also indicate how interpretations of subjectivity and identity as concepts have changed over the previous forty years. ii Dedication For Eleanor and John. Without you, this would not be possible. iii Acknowledgments Special acknowledgement must be made to the following individuals whose support, feedback, and critical evaluation made this project possible: Jessica Doyle, Michael Koontz, Crystal Colombini, Angie LaGrotteria, Zack Bankston, Eric Morel, Stefanie Shea-Akers, Will Lombardi, Kyle Bladow, Cassie Hemstrom, Jamie Farley, and Tom Hertweck. For their assistance with my scholarship and for their unflagging desire to discuss my ideas and concepts, I thank Jen Hill, Justin Gifford, Elizabeth Raymond, and Dennis Dworkin. For her encouragement, energy, and dedication, I thank Cheryll Glotfelty, who made completing this project an attainable reality. Finally, for her unparalleled theoretical acumen and indefatigable support throughout this entire process, significant recognition and appreciation must be made to Stacy Burton. iv Table of Contents Chapter 1: Space, Materiality, and the Postmodern American Novel .............................. 1 Chapter 2: Identity Formation, the Subject, and Social and Natural Spaces in Marilynne Robinson’s Housekeeping .................................................................................... 35 Chapter 3: Spatiality, Identity, and Historical Narrative in Toni Morrison’s Beloved ... 73 Chapter 4: “The Day to Shape the Days Upon”: Morality, the Subject, and Language in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road .......................................................................... 112 Conclusion: .................................................................................................................... 146 Works Cited: .................................................................................................................. 157 1 CHAPTER 1: SPACE, MATERIALITY, AND THE POSTMODERN AMERICAN NOVEL This dissertation interrogates and combines two concerns. The first centers on literary representations of identity and subjectivity, especially as they relate to the use of imagined spaces in the postmodern American novel. The second contends with identity, identity formation, and the subjectivity imposed on marginalized individuals by social, cultural, and political structures that seek to control them. Examining these two concerns together reveals the extent to which American postmodern authors are invested in identity performance in post-industrial political and social landscapes that simultaneously glorify and disempower the individual. I argue that these concerns as they appear in the postmodern American novel are important because they indicate a heightened awareness among American authors of how social and political subjects are formed. These critical concerns also enable us to investigate how much control individual subjects have over the formation and performance of their own identities as they are represented in the novel. To this end, many recent American authors investigate the constructed nature of identity, especially in postmodern political and social environments that undermine and destabilize agency in the individual. Many of these authors seem to question whether or not we must cede the individual to the absolute relativism of postmodern subjectivity. If not, is there some foundation to individual identity, one that lies beyond the social and political structures that bind the subject to a particular position of control? A critical investigation of spatiality in the novel provides some answers to these questions, and for the texts I include in this study, spatial relationships to the social, political, and material worlds are important for the identities and subjectivities of individual characters. To clarify before 2 proceeding, in this dissertation I make a distinction between “subjectivity,” a term I use to represent the systemic control imposed on the individual through social, political, and patriarchal discourses of power, and “identity,” an expression or performance that provides the individual with marginal agency and limited self-determination.1 Take, for example, Marilynne Robinson’s novel Housekeeping, a coming of age story published in 1980 but set in the 1950s centered on a young teenager struggling to establish her identity while being pulled between two incongruent social worlds. At a climactic moment in Housekeeping, Ruth, the young teenager and the novel’s narrator, finds herself alone in the overgrown, untrammeled forest that lies on the outskirts of her hometown, Fingerbone. Cut off from the castigating gaze of Fingerbone’s narrow-minded 1 This is a somewhat arbitrary and over-simplified distinction. The human subject is at once a social, political, philosophical, and material entity defined by shifting relationships to other subjects and to other political, social, and material systems that are themselves defined by continual change. As Nick Mansfield argues, “No matter how exhaustive our analyses of our selfhood in terms of language, politics and philosophy, we remain an intense focus of rich and immediate experience that defies system, logic and order and that goes out into the world in a complex, inconsistent, and highly charged way (4). Or, as Ruth Robbins notes, “The vast majority of [definitions of subjectivity] focus on the extent to which the subject is powerfully subjected to forces outside itself,” and therefore the relationship the subject has to outside forces enables the subject to acquire self- knowledge (14). And finally, as Susan Lurie argues in Unsettled Subjects: Restoring Feminist Politics to Poststructuralist Critique, “we need a model [of feminist subjectivity] that links discursive regulation not only to a subject’s stable, exclusionary identity but to the way identity itself is inherently unstable, constituted as an interarticulation of a subject’s multiple positions and investments” (19). “Interarticulation” is a key descriptor that ties subjectivity and identity together in ways that make my separation of the two terms somewhat artificial. However, agency—as connected to both the subject and to identity performance—forms a cornerstone of my arguments in this dissertation. The agency any individual possesses is closely connected to the identities she performs in relation to subject positions thrust upon her by material, social, and political circumstances that mainly lie outside her control. For that reason, there is value, I argue, in teasing apart the terms “identity” and “subjectivity” for determining not only how agency applies to each, but also for identifying how material, social, and political circumstances help shape them. Simply stated, I want to pull these terms apart in order to better understand how they fit together. 3 residents who form the small-town culture that both inhabits and inhibits her identity, Ruth encounters a mysterious force that emerges from the natural world: I walked out of the valley and down the little apron of earth at its entrance. The shore was empty and, after its manner, silent. I sat on a log and whistled and tossed stones at the toe of my shoe. I knew why Sylvie felt there were children in the woods. I felt so, too, though I did not think so. I sat on the log pelting my shoe, because I knew that if I turned however quickly to look behind me the consciousness behind me would not still be there, and would only come closer when I turned away again. Even if it spoke just at