Ireland’s Contradictory Welfare Reality, Globalisation and a Diversity of Migration Experiences-The Case of County Clare. Éidín Ní Shé, BA, MSc. Submitted for the award of PhD University of Limerick Supervisor: Dr. Maura Adshead Submitted to the University of Limerick, June 2011 i Table of Contents List of Tables & Figures................................................................................................... v Dedication .........................................................................................................................vii Acknowledgements...................................................................................................... viii Declaration.........................................................................................................................ix Glossary................................................................................................................................ x Abstract .............................................................................................................................xiv Introduction........................................................................................................................1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................2 Research Hypothesis and Objectives ..................................................................................2 Outline of the Thesis.................................................................................................................3 Chapter 1: Recasting Welfare States, Globalisation and the Integration of Immigration into Welfare Debates .............................................................................6 1.2 Recasting Welfare States..................................................................................................8 1.3 Transition and Challenges to Welfare States ......................................................... 10 1.4 Does Globalisation Undermine Welfare States?.................................................... 12 1.5 Integrating Race, Ethnicity and Migration into Welfare Debates.................... 19 1.6 Impact of Immigration on Welfare States ............................................................... 28 1.7 Conclusions........................................................................................................................ 40 Chapter 2: Ireland’s Contradictory Welfare Regime, Globalisation and a Diversity of Migration Experiences ......................................................................... 42 2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 43 2.2 Ireland – From Fitting in to Developmental Welfare State................................ 44 2.3 Globalisation and Challenges....................................................................................... 52 2.4 Irish Identity and Immigration ................................................................................... 55 2.5 Immigration to Ireland .................................................................................................. 58 2.6 Irish Government Responses to Immigration........................................................ 67 2.7 Paths of Entry and Entitlements ................................................................................. 71 2.7.1 European Economic Area (EEA) .........................................................................................74 2.7.2 Access for Non-EEA Nationals .............................................................................................76 2.7.3 Work Permits/Green Cards ..................................................................................................77 2.7.4 Refugee Status.............................................................................................................................79 2.7.5 Asylum Seekers ..........................................................................................................................81 2.7.6 Leave to Remain.........................................................................................................................87 2.7.7 Family Reunification ................................................................................................................87 2.7.8 Parents of Irish-Born Children ............................................................................................88 2.7.9 Students.........................................................................................................................................90 2.7.10 Illegal Residents ......................................................................................................................91 2.7.11 Access to Naturalisation/Irish Citizenship..................................................................92 2.8 Policy and Service Provision........................................................................................ 93 2.9 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................... 95 Chapter 3: Methodology and Research Questions .............................................. 97 ii 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 98 3.2 Testing an Emancipatory Approach .......................................................................... 98 3.2.1 Questionnaire Design and the Theoretical Framework.........................................104 3.3 Case Selection..................................................................................................................106 3.3.1 Young EU Accession Migrants...........................................................................................108 3.3.2 Older EU Accession Migrants ............................................................................................109 3.3.3 Africans.......................................................................................................................................109 3.3.4 Roma (primarily Czech and Slovak)...............................................................................109 3.3.5 UK Nationals .............................................................................................................................110 3.3.6 Refugees and Asylum Seekers...........................................................................................111 3.3.7 New Immigrant Patterning Across the County..........................................................111 3.4 Community Research Partnership (CRP) ..............................................................114 3.5 A Local Study of the Needs of Migrants, Refugees and Asylum Seekers in County Clare ...........................................................................................................................120 3.6 An Emancipatory Approach − Postscript...............................................................127 3.7 Conclusion........................................................................................................................132 Chapter 4: Implementing Integration?.................................................................133 4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................134 4.2 Mapping Integration- Government Action ............................................................137 4.3 ‘Implementing Integration’ - Policy Innovation ..................................................144 4.3.1 Policy Responses- Key policies and legislation .........................................................146 4.3.2 The National Action Plan Against Racism 2005-2008............................................148 4.3.3 Significant Shifts? ...................................................................................................................149 4.4 Racism and Anti-Racism in Ireland .........................................................................153 4.5 Active Citizenship ..........................................................................................................157 4.5.1 Shifting to Diaspora?.............................................................................................................161 4.6 Case Study: Integration in Co. Clare.........................................................................164 4.7 Status..................................................................................................................................165 4.7.1 West Africans and Nigerians .............................................................................................166 4.7.2 On the Margins.........................................................................................................................167 4.7.3 Encapsulated Communities................................................................................................168 4.7.4 Status of Asylum Seekers and Direct Provision ........................................................171 4.8 Skin Colour.......................................................................................................................181 4.9 Religion .............................................................................................................................182