African Journal of Biotechnology Volume 15 Number 46, 16 November 2016 ISSN 1684-5315 ABOUT AJB The African Journal of Biotechnology (AJB) (ISSN 1684-5315) is published weekly (one volume per year) by Academic Journals. African Journal of Biotechnology (AJB), a new broad-based journal, is an open access journal that was founded on two key tenets: To publish the most exciting research in all areas of applied biochemistry, industrial microbiology, molecular biology, genomics and proteomics, food and agricultural technologies, and metabolic engineering. Secondly, to provide the most rapid turn-around time possible for reviewing and publishing, and to disseminate the articles freely for teaching and reference purposes. All articles published in AJB are peer-reviewed. Contact Us Editorial Office: [email protected] Help Desk: [email protected] Website: http://www.academicjournals.org/journal/AJB Submit manuscript online http://ms.academicjournals.me/ Editor-in-Chief Associate Editors Prof. Dr. AE Aboulata George Nkem Ude, Ph.D Plant Breeder & Molecular Biologist Plant Path. Res. Inst., ARC, POBox 12619, Giza, Egypt Department of Natural Sciences 30 D, El-Karama St., Alf Maskan, P.O. Box 1567, Ain Shams, Cairo, Crawford Building, Rm 003A Egypt Bowie State University 14000 Jericho Park Road Bowie, MD 20715, USA Dr. S.K Das Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, University of Fukui, Japan Editor Prof. Okoh, A. I. Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), N. John Tonukari, Ph.D Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry University of Fort Hare. Delta State University P/Bag X1314 Alice 5700, PMB 1 South Africa Abraka, Nigeria Dr. Ismail TURKOGLU Department of Biology Education, Education Faculty, Fırat University, Elazığ, Turkey Prof T.K.Raja, PhD FRSC (UK) Department of Biotechnology PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (Autonomous) (Affiliated to Anna University) Coimbatore-641004, Tamilnadu, INDIA. Dr. George Edward Mamati Horticulture Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P. O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Gitonga Kenya Agricultural Research Institute, National Horticultural Research Center, P.O Box 220, Thika, Kenya. Editorial Board Prof. Sagadevan G. Mundree Dr. E. Olatunde Farombi Department of Molecular and Cell Biology Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Unit University of Cape Town Department of Biochemistry Private Bag Rondebosch 7701 University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria South Africa Dr. Stephen Bakiamoh Dr. Martin Fregene Michigan Biotechnology Institute International Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) 3900 Collins Road Km 17 Cali-Palmira Recta Lansing, MI 48909, USA AA6713, Cali, Colombia Dr. N. A. Amusa Prof. O. A. Ogunseitan Institute of Agricultural Research and Training Laboratory for Molecular Ecology Obafemi Awolowo University Department of Environmental Analysis and Design Moor Plantation, P.M.B 5029, Ibadan, Nigeria University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-7070. USA Dr. Desouky Abd-El-Haleem Environmental Biotechnology Department & Dr. Ibrahima Ndoye Bioprocess Development Department, UCAD, Faculte des Sciences et Techniques Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Departement de Biologie Vegetale Institute (GEBRI), BP 5005, Dakar, Senegal. Mubarak City for Scientific Research and Technology Laboratoire Commun de Microbiologie Applications, IRD/ISRA/UCAD New Burg-Elarab City, Alexandria, Egypt. BP 1386, Dakar Dr. Simeon Oloni Kotchoni Dr. Bamidele A. Iwalokun Department of Plant Molecular Biology Biochemistry Department Institute of Botany, Kirschallee 1, Lagos State University University of Bonn, D-53115 Germany. P.M.B. 1087. Apapa – Lagos, Nigeria Dr. Eriola Betiku Dr. Jacob Hodeba Mignouna German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Associate Professor, Biotechnology Biochemical Engineering Division, Virginia State University Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124, Agricultural Research Station Box 9061 Braunschweig, Germany Petersburg, VA 23806, USA Dr. Daniel Masiga Dr. Bright Ogheneovo Agindotan International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Plant, Soil and Entomological Sciences Dept Nairobi, University of Idaho, Moscow Kenya ID 83843, USA Dr. Essam A. Zaki Dr. A.P. Njukeng Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, GEBRI, Département de Biologie Végétale Faculté des Sciences Research Area, B.P. 67 Dschang Borg El Arab, Post Code 21934, Alexandria Université de Dschang Egypt Rep. du CAMEROUN Dr. Alfred Dixon Prof. Christine Rey International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Dept. of Molecular and Cell Biology, PMB 5320, Ibadan University of the Witwatersand, Oyo State, Nigeria Private Bag 3, WITS 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa Dr. Sankale Shompole Dept. of Microbiology, Molecular Biology and Biochemisty, Dr. Kamel Ahmed Abd-Elsalam University of Idaho, Moscow, Molecular Markers Lab. (MML) ID 83844, USA. Plant Pathology Research Institute (PPathRI) Agricultural Research Center, 9-Gamma St., Orman, Dr. Mathew M. Abang 12619, Germplasm Program Giza, Egypt International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Dr. Jones Lemchi (ICARDA) P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, SYRIA. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Onne, Nigeria Dr. Solomon Olawale Odemuyiwa Pulmonary Research Group Prof. Greg Blatch Department of Medicine Head of Biochemistry & Senior Wellcome Trust Fellow 550 Heritage Medical Research Centre Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & University of Alberta Biotechnology Edmonton Rhodes University Canada T6G 2S2 Grahamstown 6140 Prof. Anna-Maria Botha-Oberholster South Africa Plant Molecular Genetics Department of Genetics Dr. Beatrice Kilel Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute P.O Box 1413 Faculty of Agricultural and Natural Sciences Manassas, VA 20108 University of Pretoria USA ZA-0002 Pretoria, South Africa Dr. Jackie Hughes Dr. O. U. Ezeronye Research-for-Development Department of Biological Science Michael Okpara University of Agriculture International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria Dr. Joseph Hounhouigan Dr. Robert L. Brown Maître de Conférence Southern Regional Research Center, Sciences et technologies des aliments U.S. Department of Agriculture, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques Agricultural Research Service, Université d'Abomey-Calavi New Orleans, LA 70179. 01 BP 526 Cotonou République du Bénin Dr. Deborah Rayfield Physiology and Anatomy Bowie State University Department of Natural Sciences Crawford Building, Room 003C Bowie MD 20715,USA Dr. Marlene Shehata Dr. Yee-Joo TAN University of Ottawa Heart Institute Department of Microbiology Genetics of Cardiovascular Diseases Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 40 Ruskin Street K1Y-4W7, Ottawa, ON, CANADA National University Health System (NUHS), National University of Singapore Dr. Hany Sayed Hafez MD4, 5 Science Drive 2, The American University in Cairo, Singapore 117597 Egypt Singapore Dr. Clement O. Adebooye Prof. Hidetaka Hori Department of Plant Science Laboratories of Food and Life Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nigeria Niigata University. Dr. Ali Demir Sezer Niigata 950-2181, Marmara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi, Japan Tibbiye cad. No: 49, 34668, Haydarpasa, Istanbul, Turkey Prof. Thomas R. DeGregori University of Houston, Dr. Ali Gazanchain Texas 77204 5019, P.O. Box: 91735-1148, Mashhad, USA Iran. Dr. Wolfgang Ernst Bernhard Jelkmann Dr. Anant B. Patel Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology Medical Faculty, University of Lübeck, Uppal Road, Hyderabad 500007 Germany India Dr. Moktar Hamdi Prof. Arne Elofsson Department of Biochemical Engineering, Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry Laboratory of Ecology and Microbial Technology Bioinformatics at Stockholm University, National Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology. Sweden BP: 676. 1080, Tunisia Prof. Bahram Goliaei Departments of Biophysics and Bioinformatics Dr. Salvador Ventura Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology University of Tehran, Institute of Biochemistry and Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular Biophysics Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina Iran Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra-08193 Dr. Nora Babudri Spain Dipartimento di Biologia cellulare e ambientale Università di Perugia Dr. Claudio A. Hetz Via Pascoli Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile Italy Independencia 1027 Santiago, Chile Dr. S. Adesola Ajayi Seed Science Laboratory Department of Plant Science Prof. Felix Dapare Dakora Faculty of Agriculture Research Development and Technology Promotion Obafemi Awolowo University Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Ile-Ife 220005, Nigeria Room 2.8 Admin. Bldg. Keizersgracht, P.O. 652, Cape Town 8000, South Africa Dr. Geremew Bultosa Dr. Luísa Maria de Sousa Mesquita Pereira Department of Food Science and Post harvest IPATIMUP R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n 4200-465 Porto Technology Portugal Haramaya University Personal Box 22, Haramaya University Campus Dr. Min Lin Dire Dawa, Animal Diseases Research Institute Ethiopia Canadian Food Inspection Agency Ottawa, Ontario, Dr. José Eduardo Garcia Canada K2H 8P9 Londrina State University Brazil Prof. Nobuyoshi Shimizu Department of Molecular Biology, Prof. Nirbhay Kumar Center for Genomic Medicine Malaria Research Institute Keio University School of Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku Immunology Tokyo 160-8582, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public