The Linux Operating System \I'm doing a (free) operating system, just a hobby,..." Linus Torvalds Contents 1 Good Books1 14 Typesetting Text Documents 27 1.1 Online Books............... 1 14.1 Overview.................. 28 2 Getting Help1 14.2 Latex.................... 28 3 Basic Linux Usage2 15 Text Data Formats 28 3.1 Simple File Commands.......... 5 15.1 Xml .................... 28 3.2 Simple Folder Commands ........ 5 15.2 Csv..................... 29 3.3 The Bash Prompt............. 7 16 Vcard 29 4 Installing Software8 16.1 Vcard Implementation Quirks . 30 4.1 Redhat Style Software Packages..... 9 16.2 Attribute Lists .............. 30 4.2 Debian Packages ............. 9 16.3 Vcard Name Types............ 31 4.3 Compiling And Installing Programs . 10 16.4 Vcard Geographical Information . 33 4.4 Making Debian Packages......... 11 16.5 Job Title Elements............ 33 5 Essential Sound Tasks 11 17 Text Oriented Programming Languages 33 6 Translation 12 17.1 The Awk Language............ 33 7 Unicode 12 17.2 Grep.................... 34 8 Text File Encodings 12 17.3 Sed Stream Editor ............ 34 9 Spell Checking 12 18 Perl 35 9.1 Ispell.................... 13 18.1 Perl Documentation............ 36 9.2 Aspell ................... 13 18.2 Perl One Line Scripts........... 36 10 Text Files 15 18.3 Perl Modules ............... 36 10.1 Viewing Text Files ............ 15 19 Python 36 10.2 Analysing Language ........... 16 20 Ruby 37 10.3 Dictionaries................ 16 21 Php 37 10.4 Wordnet.................. 17 22 The C Language 37 10.5 Wrapping Text Lines........... 18 23 Source Code Files 37 10.6 Splitting Text Files............ 18 23.1 Viewing Source Code........... 37 10.7 Merging Text Files............ 19 23.2 Formatting And Indenting Source Code . 37 10.8 Converting Other Formats To Text . 19 23.3 Converting To Syntax Highlighted Doc- 10.9 Converting Character Encodings . 19 uments................... 38 10.10Comparing And Patching Text Files . 20 24 Command History 39 10.11Searching Text .............. 20 25 Text And Character Recognition 40 11 Find And Replace In Text Files 21 26 Images 40 11.1 Single File................. 22 26.1 Managing Images............. 40 11.2 With A Backup.............. 22 26.2 Viewing Images.............. 41 11.3 Multiple Files............... 22 26.3 Feh..................... 41 12 Analysing Text 22 26.4 Gthumb.................. 41 12.1 Analysing Text Data........... 23 26.5 Qiv..................... 41 12.2 Extraction Data From Text . 24 26.6 Zgv..................... 42 12.3 Tidying Text Files ............ 24 26.7 Image Magick Display .......... 42 12.4 Stream Editing Text Files . 24 26.8 Image Metadata.............. 43 13 Sorting Text Data 24 26.9 Obtaining Images............. 43 13.1 Viewing Help For Sort.......... 25 26.10Screenshots ................ 43 13.2 Basic Usage................ 25 26.11Screenshots Of Windows......... 44 13.3 Sort Inplace................ 25 26.12Advanced Screenshots .......... 44 13.4 Sorting By Multiple Fields . 25 26.13Meta Data................. 44 13.5 Numerical Sorts.............. 25 26.14Exif Data ................. 44 13.6 Sorting By Date Values.......... 26 26.15Image Information ............ 44 13.7 Fields And Partial Fields......... 27 26.16Optimizing Images ............ 45 13.8 Other Tools................ 27 26.17Image Magick Built In Patterns . 45 1 26.18Image Formats .............. 45 34.6 Pdf To Text................ 62 26.19Transforming Images........... 45 34.7 From Other Formats........... 63 26.20Converting Image Formats . 46 35 The Info Help Reader 63 26.21Black And White............. 46 36 Man Pages 63 26.22Animation................. 46 37 Documentation Systems 64 26.23Animated Gifs............... 47 37.1 Source Code Documentation Systems . 64 26.24Icons.................... 47 38 Xml 64 26.25Resizing Images.............. 47 39 Editing Text 64 26.26Cropping Whitespace From Images . 47 39.1 Batch Editing Text Files......... 65 26.27Cropping Images ............. 47 40 Unix Directory Structure 65 26.28Adding Effects To Images . 48 41 Fonts 66 26.29Splicing .................. 48 42 File Systems 66 26.30Creating Image Montages . 48 42.1 Iso Files.................. 67 26.31Html Thumbnail Galleries . 49 42.2 Partitions ................. 67 26.32Html Image Maps............. 49 42.3 File System Types ............ 67 26.33Creating A Montage Of Lots Of Images . 49 42.4 Mounting And Unmounting Filesystems 67 26.34Unicode Characters In Images . 50 42.5 Symbolic Links .............. 68 26.35Renaming Images............. 50 43 Directories 68 26.36Image Captions.............. 50 43.1 Browsing Folders............. 69 26.37Combining Images ............ 50 43.2 Analysing Directories........... 69 26.38Image Borders............... 50 43.3 Folder Size................. 70 26.39Images Of Text.............. 51 43.4 Comparing Folders............ 70 26.40Drawing Commands To Create Images . 52 43.5 Making Folders.............. 70 26.41Compressing Images ........... 52 43.6 Changing Folders............. 70 26.42Image Formats .............. 52 43.7 Copying Folders.............. 70 26.43Image Editors............... 52 43.8 Deleting Folders.............. 71 26.44Three D Image Editors.......... 52 44 File Type Conversions 71 26.45Svg Scalable Vector Graphics . 52 45 Files 71 27 Visual Art 52 45.1 File Size.................. 71 27.1 Ascii Art.................. 53 45.2 Analysing Files.............. 72 27.2 Patterns And Tilings........... 53 45.3 File Names ................ 72 28 Charts And Graphs 53 45.4 Copying Files............... 72 29 Flow Charts And Figures 54 45.5 File Paths................. 73 30 Video 54 46 Searching For Files And Directories 73 30.1 Cutting And Splitting Video . 55 46.1 Searching For Folders........... 74 30.2 Joining Video Files............ 55 46.2 Finding Files By Name.......... 74 30.3 Merging Video Files ........... 56 46.3 Searching For Files By Size . 75 30.4 Analysing Video Files........... 56 46.4 Finding Files By Modification Time . 75 30.5 Subtitles.................. 56 46.5 By Access Time.............. 76 30.6 Recording Video ............. 56 46.6 By File Type ............... 76 30.7 Viewing Video............... 56 46.7 Finding Text Files ............ 76 30.8 Video And Audio............. 57 46.8 Finding Files By Permissions . 77 30.9 Converting Video Formats . 57 46.9 Complex Find Expressions . 77 30.10Video Editing Programs......... 58 46.10Doing Something With Found Files . 77 30.11Webcam Video .............. 58 47 Locating Files 78 30.12Compressing Video............ 58 47.1 Renaming And Moving Files . 78 31 Log Files 58 47.2 Deleting Files............... 79 32 Ms Word Documents 59 47.3 Copying Files............... 79 33 Postscript Documents 60 47.4 Symbolic Links To Files ......... 80 33.1 Converting Postscript To Other Formats 60 48 File Compression 80 34 Pdf Documents 60 49 Archives Of Files 82 34.1 Viewing Pdf Documents......... 61 50 Backups Of Data And Disks 82 34.2 Analyse Pdf Documents ......... 62 50.1 File Backups................ 82 34.3 Editing Pdf Files............. 62 50.2 Folder Backups.............. 83 34.4 Converting Pdf To Images . 62 50.3 Remote Backups ............. 83 34.5 Pdf To Postscript............. 62 50.4 Disk Backups............... 83 2 50.5 Restoring A Backup ........... 84 72.3 Dhcp Dynamic Host Control Protocol . 109 51 Transfering Files 84 72.4 Ping ....................109 51.1 Scp..................... 84 72.5 Ifconfig...................109 51.2 Sftp .................... 85 72.6 Proxy Servers . 109 52 Rsync 85 72.7 Mac Addresses . 109 52.1 Simple Usage Of Rsync.......... 85 72.8 Monitoring Network Bandwidth . 110 52.2 Local Copying............... 86 72.9 Network Configuration . 110 52.3 Problems.................. 86 72.10Wireless Networks . 111 52.4 Symbolic Links And Rsync . 87 72.11Wireless Security . 111 52.5 Sourceforge ................ 87 73 User And Group Accounts 112 53 Uploading Files 87 73.1 Users....................112 53.1 Downloading Files ............ 87 73.2 File Permissions . 114 53.2 Using Curl................. 89 74 Security 114 53.3 Mirroring ................. 90 74.1 Net Security . 114 54 Developing Software 90 74.2 Shredding . 115 55 Cpp 90 74.3 Firewalls..................115 55.1 Remote Development........... 90 75 Encryption 115 56 Ldap 91 75.1 Gpg ....................116 57 Dns The Domain Name System 91 75.2 Passwords . 117 58 Reading Usenet News 92 75.3 Recovering Passwords . 117 59 Web Servers 93 75.4 Generating Passwords . 117 59.1 Apache................... 93 75.5 Changing Passwords . 118 60 Www The World Wide Web 94 76 Services 118 60.1 Downloading From The Web . 95 76.1 Starting Services At Computer Start Up 118 60.2 Comic Strips Online ........... 95 77 Pipes 119 60.3 Css Cascading Style Sheets . 95 78 Processes 119 60.4 Twitter .................. 95 78.1 Viewing Processes . 120 60.5 Firefox................... 96 78.2 Killing Processes . 120 61 Graphical Web Browsers 96 78.3 Zombie Processes . 121 61.1 Text Mode Web Surfing ......... 97 79 Environment Configurations 121 62 Email Electronic Mail 97 79.1 Aliases...................121 62.1 Alpine................... 98 80 Timing Performance 122 62.2 Mutt.................... 98 81 Scheduling 122 62.3 Webmail.................. 98 81.1 Cron....................122 62.4 Attachments................ 98 81.2 Notifications . 123 62.5 Email Addresses.............. 99 82 Alarms 123 62.6 Smtp Protocol............... 99 83 Databases 123 62.7 Older Mail Systems............ 99 84 Configuring Linux 124 63 The Ppp Protocol 101 85 The Operating System 124 64 Sending