DIFFERENT TERMS RELATED TO DATABASE: Language: English Operating System An operating system, which works as a common platform, is a group of computer programs that coordinates all the activities among computer\mobile\handheld hardware resources and provides common services for computer programs. It is the first program loaded into the computer by a boot program and remains in memory at all times. It also manages computer memory and dictates what a program can do and what can’t. The jobs of an operating systems can be divided into two categories: 1) boot-time operations 2) post-boot operations. Booting is the process that occurs when you press the power button to turn your computer on. During this process (which may take a minute or two), the computer does several things. It runs tests to make sure everything is working correctly. It tests and provides authorization to the user trying to get access (if password security is enabled). It checks for new hardware. It then starts up the operating system. After the startup, it allocates memory for managing tasks, performs basic computer tasks like managing the various peripheral devices (mouse, keyboard), provides a user interface (command line, graphical user interface- GUI), handles system resources such as computer's memory and sharing of the central processing unit (CPU) time by various applications or peripheral devices ,and provides file management which refers to the way that the operating system manipulates, stores, retrieves and saves data. There are many types of operating system: Multiuser (enables multiple users to run programs simultaneously), Multiprocessing (allows a program to run on more than one central processing unit (CPU) at a time.), Real-time (allows computers to process and respond to input instantly, and Time Sharing (allows multiple users to use the resources of computer when it is idle and by sharing time) 1 Computer OS: Windows7, Windows XP, Windows8, Linux, Mac OS X, UNIX, Debian, OpenSuSe, Fedora Mobile\Handheld devices OS: Android, Java, Symbian, IOS etc. Framework: A software framework is a universal, reusable software platform used to develop applications, products and solutions. Software Frameworks include support programs, compilers, code libraries, an application programming interface (API) and tool sets that bring together all the different components to enable development of a project or solution. Software Frameworks are designed to facilitate the development process by allowing designers and programmers to spend more time on meeting software requirements rather than dealing with the more tedious details of providing a working system. Software frameworks allow developers to spend less time coding, developing and debugging and more time on value-added development and concentrating on the business-specific problem at hand rather than on the plumbing code behind it resulting, faster time to market. For example, rather than creating a VoIP application from scratch, a developer using a prepared framework can concentrate on adding user-friendly buttons and menus, or integrating VoIP with other functions. Example: Server-side frameworks: Php (CakePHP, CodeIgniter, The Zend Framework, Symfony, Prado, BareBones); Java (The Google Web Toolkit, Spring Framework, Apache Cocoon framework, Aranea, AppFuse); C# (The .NET Framework, MonoRail); Ruby (Nitro, Camping, Ramaze); Python (Gluon, Django, TurboGears); Client-side frameworks: JavaScript (Prototype, Mootools, jQuery, ASP.NET AJAX, Dojo); CSS (Blueprint, Content with Style, YAML). IDE: An integrated development environment (IDE) is a software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development. An IDE normally consists of a source code editor, build automation tools and a debugger. 2 Some IDEs contain a compiler, interpreter, or both, such as Microsoft Visual Studio and Eclipse; others do not, such as SharpDevelop and Lazarus. The boundary between an integrated development environment and other parts of the broader software development environment is not well-defined. Sometimes a version control system and various tools are integrated to simplify the construction of a GUI. Many modern IDEs also have a class browser, an object inspector, and a class hierarchy diagram, for use with object-oriented software Database Server: A database server is a computer program that provides database services to other computer programs or computers, as defined by the client–server model. The term may also refer to a computer dedicated to running such a program. Database management systems frequently provide database server functionality, and some DBMSs (e.g., MySQL) rely exclusively on the client–server model for database access. Such a server is accessed either through a "front end" running on the user’s computer which displays requested data or the "back end" which runs on the server and handles tasks such as data analysis and storage. In a master-slave model, database master servers are central and primary locations of data while database slave servers are synchronized backups of the master acting as proxies. Some examples of proprietary database servers are Oracle, DB2, Informix, and Microsoft SQL Server. Examples of GNU General Public License database servers are Ingres and MySQL. Every server uses its own query logic and structure. The SQL query language is more or less the same in all the database servers. Web server: Web server can refer to either the hardware (the computer) or the software (the computer application) that helps to deliver web content that can be accessed through the Internet. The primary function of a web server is to deliver web pages on the request of clients using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). This means delivery of HTML documents and any additional content that may be included by a document, such as images, style sheets and scripts. A user agent, commonly a web browser or web crawler, initiates communication by making a request for a specific resource using HTTP and the server responds with the content of that resource or 3 an error message if unable to do so. The resource is typically a real file on the server's secondary storage, but this is not necessarily the case and depends on how the web server is implemented. While the primary function is to serve content, a full implementation of HTTP also includes ways of receiving content from clients. This feature is used for submitting web forms, including uploading of files. Web servers are not always used for serving the World Wide Web. They can also be found embedded in devices such as printers, routers, webcams and serving only a local network. Programming Language: A programming language is a machine-readable artificial language designed to express computations that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages can be used to create programs that specify the behavior of a machine, to express algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication, he most basic (called low-level) computer language is the machine language that uses binary ('1' and '0') code which a computer can run (execute) very fast without using any translator or interpreter program, but is tedious and complex. The high-level languages (such as Basic, C, Java) are much simpler (more 'English-like') to use but need to use another program (a compiler or an interpreter) to convert the high-level code into the machine code, and are therefore slower. There are dozens of programming languages and new ones are being continuously developed. Also called computer language. Report Builder: The Report Builder is a stand-alone application that creates report definitions, interacting with a server, as necessary. It provides a report authoring environment for business users. When you design a report, you specify where to get the data, which data to get, and how to display the data. When you run the report, the report processor takes all the information you have specified, retrieves the data, and combines it with the report layout to generate the report. You can preview your reports in Report Builder, or you can publish your report to a report server Middle Tier: 4 It generally refers to the processing that takes place in an application server that sits between the user's machine and the database server. The middle tier server performs the business logic. The purpose of the middle-tier server is to mediate between the back-end server and a variety of different client types. The middle-tier server provides support for session management and imposes constraints on what clients can and cannot do. It also coordinates applications, processes commands, makes logical decisions and evaluations, and performs calculations. It does not query databases, execute complex business rules, or connect to legacy applications. Front End Client: For software applications, front end is the same as user interface. This interface helps user to interact directly with the application by entering desired/required commands and to access other application areas as well. In client/server applications, the client part of the program is often called the front end and the server part is called the back end. In case of compilers, the programs that translate source code into object code, are often composed of two parts: a front end and a back end. The front end is responsible for checking syntax and detecting errors, whereas the back end performs the actual translation into object code. Oracle Database 11g: An Oracle database is a collection of data treated as a unit. The purpose of a database is to store and retrieve related information. A database server is the key to solving the problems of information management. In general, a server reliably manages a large amount of data in a multiuser environment so that many users can concurrently access the same data. All this is accomplished while delivering high performance. A database server also prevents unauthorized access and provides efficient solutions for failure recovery. Oracle Database is the first database designed for enterprise grid computing, the most flexible and cost effective way to manage information and applications.