Transformations in Twentieth Century Korea This edited collection traces the social, economic, political, and cultural dimensions of Korea’s dramatic transformation since the late nineteenth century. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the chapters examine the internal and external forces which facilitated the transition towards indus- trial capitalism in Korea, the consequences and impact of social change, and the ways in which Korean tradition continues to inform and influence contemporary South Korean society. Transformations in Twentieth Century Korea employs a thematic structure to discuss the interrelated elements of Korea’s modernization within agri- culture, business and the economy, the state, ideology and culture, and gender and the family. Unlike other literature in the field which focuses on a particular era of Korea’s twentieth century history, the essays in this volume encompass the Choso˘n dynasty, the colonial period, and postcolo- nial Korea. Collectively, they provide us with an original and innovative approach to the study of modern Korea, and show how knowledge of the country’s past is critical to understanding contemporary Korean society. With contributions from a number of prominent international scholars working in the disciplines of sociology, economics, history, and political science, Transformations in Twentieth Century Korea incorporates a global framework of historical narrative, ideology and culture, and statistical and economic analysis to further our understanding of Korea’s evolution towards modernity. Steven Hugh Lee is Associate Professor in the Department of History at the University of British Columbia. His previous publications include Out- posts of Empire: Korea, Vietnam and the Origins of the Cold War, 1949–1954 (1995), and The Korean War (2001). Chang Yun-Shik is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Sociology at the University of British Columbia. He was director of the Centre for Korean Research at UBC from 1994 to 2001, and has authored several edited books and numerous articles, including “Mutual Help and Democracy in Korea” in Daniel Bell and Ham Chaibong, eds, Confucianism for the Modern World (2003). Routledge advances in Korean studies 1 The Politics of Economic Reform in South Korea A fragile miracle Tat Yan Kong 2 Market and Society in Korea Interest, institution and the textile industry Dennis McNamara 3 Social and Economic Policies in Korea Ideas, networks and linkages Dong-Myeon Shin 4 North Korea in the World Economy Edited by E. Kwan Choi, Yesook Merrill and E. Han Kim 5 Legal Reform in Korea Edited by Tom Ginsburg 6 Women, Television and Everyday Life Journeys of hope Youna Kim 7 Transformations in Twentieth Century Korea Edited by Chang Yun-Shik and Steven Hugh Lee Transformations in Twentieth Century Korea Edited by Chang Yun-Shik and Steven Hugh Lee I~ ~~o~;~;n~~;up LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 2006 by Routledge Published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2006 Selection and editorial matter, Chang Yun-Shik and Steven Hugh Lee; individual chapters, the contributors Typeset in Baskerville by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book has been requested ISBN13: 978-0-415-38065-2 (hbk) Contents List of illustrations viii Notes on contributors xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction: Korea’s twentieth century transformation 1 STEVEN HUGH LEE PART I The agrarian transformation 31 1 Neither “sprouts” nor “offspring”: the agrarian roots of Korean capitalism 33 GI-WOOK SHIN 2 Agricultural cooperative development and change: a window on South Korea’s agrarian transformation 64 LARRY L. BURMEISTER PART II Business and industrial transformations 87 3 Causes, consequences, relevance: Korea’s industrialization 89 PAUL W. KUZNETS 4 Transformations in Korean capitalism: a case study of the Hyundai Business Group 106 SEUNG-HO KWON AND CHUNG-SOK SUH vi Contents 5 What makes us great: Chaebo˘l development, labor practices, and managerial ideology 138 JOHN LIE PART III Transformations in the state 153 6 Development without democracy: the political economy of US–South Korea relations, 1958–1961 155 STEVEN HUGH LEE 7 Cut from the same cloth: bureaucracies and rulers in South Korea, 1948–1979 186 DAVID KANG PART IV Transforming culture and ideology 219 8 Confucianism, democracy, and the individual in Korean modernization 221 UCHANG KIM 9 Monumental histories: manliness, the military, and the War Memorial 245 SHEILA MIYOSHI JAGER 10 Modernization theory, ideology, and economic success: putting Korea’s development in comparative perspective 267 DANIEL CHIROT PART V Social transformations: labor, women, and the family 289 11 Modernization, gender roles, and marriage behavior in South Korea 291 MINJA KIM CHOE Contents vii 12 Women’s incorporation into the urban economy of South Korea 310 MARY C. BRINTON AND MOONKYUNG CHOI Conclusion: South Korea: in pursuit of modernity 345 CHANG YUN-SHIK Index 374 Illustrations Figures 4.1 Formal managerial structure of Hyundai since 1979 117 4.2 Growth structure of Hyundai in 1994 by type of business with foundation year 124 4.3 Developmental patterns of Hyundai since its inception in 1946 126 7.1 A highly selected sample of family relations in Korea 203 9.1 The War Memorial, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 246 9.2 Relief of the Righteous Army 249 9.3 The Hall of Heroes 251 9.4 Admiral Yi Sun-sin’s Turtle Ship 253 9.5 The outdoor exhibition area 260 9.6 The Central Plaza area 261 9.7 The Statue of Brothers 262 9.8 Reproduction of Memorial to King Kwanggaet’o the Great 264 9.9 The symbolic structure of the War Memorial complex 264 11.1 Distribution of educational attainment by year of birth 292 11.2 Proportions of women employees in continuous service for five years or longer 294 11.3 Percentages of married women who would divorce between the ages of thirty and forty-nine 298 11.4 Distribution of marital status by sex, education, and age, 1995 299 11.5 Proportion divorced among ever-married men and women by age and education, 1995 300 11.6 Percentages employed among married women aged twenty-five to fifty-nine by education 304 11.7 Distribution of occupation by marital status and education of women aged twenty-five to thirty-four, 1995 305 Illustrations ix Tables 1.1 Summary of tenancy disputes, 1920 to 1939 43 1.2 Investment in non-agricultural sectors by province 47 1.3 Indices of land and industry related items, 1939 to 1940 49 3.1 Gross domestic product, 1953 to 2000 90 3.2 Structure: output, employment, expenditure, 1953 to 2000 91 4.1 Changes in managerial structure of HECC by number of position holders, 1950s to 1960s 112 4.2 Total annual sales of Hyundai, HECC, HMC, and HHI, selective years from 1968 to 1980 115 4.3 Changes in the internal sourcing of HECC industrial projects, 1961 to 1981 116 4.4 Changes in total sales of Hyundai and contribution of HECC, HMC, and HHI, 1977 to 1993 123 4.5 Annual changes in the total number of executives 123 7.1 Cabinet turnover under Rhee and Park 192 7.2 Higher Civil Service exam, 1949 to 1979 193 7.3 Pattern of recruitment and promotion of higher civil servants under Rhee and Park 194 7.4 Patterns of recruitment and promotion of higher civil servants 195 7.5 Mutual hostages, Part I: Chaebo˘l value-added, 1973 to 1975 199 7.6 Mutual hostages, Part II: Debt/equity ratio of firms in selected countries, 1972 to 1984 199 7.7 Previous careers of officers of FKI member companies, 1989 202 7.8 Overestimation of Korean exports, 1970 to 1985 205 7.9(a) Production and capacity of Hyundai Motor Company, 1969 to 1972 206 7.9(b) Passenger car production and capacity, 1979 206 7.10 Year of incorporation or establishment of the subsidiary companies of the ten largest chaebo˘l in 1984 208 7.11 Debt/equity of the ten largest chaebo˘l, 1970 to 1983 209 7.12 Career backgrounds of vice-ministers and higher 211 11.1 Men and women’s reactions to the statement “A woman can have a full and satisfying life without marrying” 295 11.2 Men and women’s reactions to the statement “A man can have a full and satisfying life without marrying” 296 11.3 Men and women’s reactions to the statement “A couple should not divorce for the sake of children” 297 11.4 Trends in singulate mean age of marriage in South Korea, 1960 to 1995 297 x Illustrations 11.5 Men and women’s reactions to the statement “It is best for everyone if the husband makes the living and the wife takes care of home and family” 301 11.6 Men and women’s reactions to the statement “If the wife works, family members and family life suffer” 302 12.1 Predictions of two theoretical frameworks on women’s incorporation into the South Korean urban economy 319 12.2 Life-cycle labor force participation patterns 321 12.3 Estimates of models for South Korean urban women’s work prior to marriage 325 12.4 Estimates of models for South Korean urban women’s work after marriage 326–327 12.5 General characteristics of urban married women workers by sector 329 12.6 Monthly earnings of urban married women workers by sector 331 12.7 Distribution of occupations among urban women working in the formal sector prior to and after marriage 333 Contributors Mary C.