iiSi mm iB'i ill '» : i; liiSJiil!!!! '* m\m '• ii'n'i i ii ! iiii.S i «li !i!!i!i ^!i 'I ;!( !!)ll liliiii'lliisiii'i'i'liiiiiii i linii'! iiliiiiil IP niih:!^;i-3aiW! i!.:!|t;i ;:i:(i'!i!ii:tii 'iir IJtiJtS ii'i! iiiiiiiiiiii lill'iiffi !' i il ! mm] liiiili mm S' (id! siiiiiliiill'JiJilliSilJi! \%m 11 iliiiii ii'iiK m [inm'U ;;ii(iHI am \mm\ 1 1 Hi !ir IMU mzmmI! ; i! UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT LOS ANGELES >>• i)> CDinburgb OEDition CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES IN TWENTY-TWO VOLUMES AND INDEX VOLUME XVII THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO PART I The Edinburgh Edition of ' Canada and its Provinces ' is limited to Sjs Impressions on All-Rag Watermarked Paper This Impression is Number t..^.(^ \/.L ./^TT^dry^^'C.XlaJ-^ PhaogravuTK,Annan Glasgow v^Nswr^i'V ,x\v SIR JOHN BEVERLEY ROBINSON From a paiitting in the Dcparliucnt of Eihicaiion, Toronto CANADA AND ITS PROVINCES A HISTORY OF THE CANADIAN PEOPLE AND THEIR INSTITUTIONS BY ONE HUNDRED ASSOCIATES GENERAL EDITORS: ADAM SHORTT AND ARTHUR G. DOUGHTY VOLUME XVII PROVINCE OF ONTARIO EDINBURGH EDITION PRINTED BY T. ^ A, CONSTABLE AT THE EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY PRESS FOR THE PUBLISHERS ASSOCIATION OF CANADA LIMITED TORONTO 1914 ^ 1 JL 'iJ \J J -s Copyright in all countries subscribing to the Berne Convention F CONTENTS ONTARIO IN THE DOMINION : GENERAL OUTLINES. By A. H. U. COLQUHOUN ...... 3 PIONEER SETTLEMENTS. By A. C. Casselman INTRODUCTORY . .13 THE LOYALISTS . -15 THE NIAGARA SETTLEMENT . -I? SETTLING OF THE LOYALISTS , . .21 LOYALIST LOSSES CLAIMS ...... 27 GRANTS TO LOYALISTS ...... 28 INDIAN IMMIGRATION ...... 42 IMMIGRATION IN THE EARLY YEARS OF UPPER CANADA. 43 THE SETTLEMENT OF THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS OR QUAKERS . 46 THE SETTLEMENT OF THE MENNONITES AND TUNKERS . 47 THE MARKHAM SETTLEMENT ..... 50 THE SETTLEMENT OF THE iMIGR^S .... 51 THE TALBOT SETTLEMENT ...... 58 THE GLENGARRY SETTLEMENT ..... 6$ THE SETTLEMENT OF THE TOWNSHIP OF DUMFRIES . 69 THE SELKIRK SETTLEMENT ...... 7I IMMIGRATION AFTER THE CLOSE OF THE NAPOLEONIC WARS . 72 THE MILITARY SETTLEMENTS ..... 75 THE LANARK SETTLEMENT ...... 77 THE PETERBOROUGH SETTLEMENT ..... 78 THE IMMIGRATION OF 1 825 . .84 THE GUELPH SETTLEMENT ...... 88 THE MACNAB SETTLEMENT ...... 92 THE HALIBURTON SETTLEMENT ..... 98 — Vlll THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO POLITICAL HISTORY, 1867-1912. By W. S. Wallace '. I. THE PATENT COMBINATION . 103 II. THE BLAKE ADMINISTRATION .... 128 IIL THE BEGINNING OF THE MOWAT REGIME 136 IV. MOWAT AND CAMERON : EDUCATION AND THE LICENCE SYSTEM ....... 146 V. MOWAT AND MEREDITH : PROVINCIAL RIGHTS . VI. MOWAT AND MEREDITH : THE CATHOLIC VOTE . 164 Vn. MOWAT AND MARTER : PROHIBITION VIII. HARDY, ROSS, AND WHITNEY .... 178 THE PROVINCIAL EXECUTIVE ORGANIZATION. By Thomas MULVEY I. THE LEGISLATURE ....... 189 II. THE LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR ..... 190 III. THE CABINET ....... 193 IV. THE PRESIDENT OF THE COUNCIL . -195 V. THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL . I95 VI. THE SECRETARY AND REGISTRAR .... 200 The Registry Branch—Prisons, Asylums, and Eleemosynary Institutions—Provincial Board of Health—Vital Statistics The Liquor Licence Branch VIL THE TREASURER OF THE PROVINCE . 2IO Audit—Bureau of Archives—The Office of the King's Printer VIII. THE MINISTER OF LANDS, FORESTS, AND MINES . 2l6 National Parks—Department of Mines IX. THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION ..... 220 The Public Schools—High Schools—Boards of Education Normal Schools—Separate Schools—The University—Pro- vincial University and School Statistics for Year ending June 30, 1912 X. THE PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT .... 230 Game and Fisheries—Bureau of Labour XL THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE .... 232 XIL SPECIAL COMMISSIONS ...... 235 Niagara Falls Park Commission — Railway and Municipal Board—Hydro-Electric Power Commission—The Timiskam- ing and Northern Ontario Railway Commission CONTENTS ix '"''" FINANCE AND TAXATION. By James Mavor I. EARLY PROVINCIAL FINANCE OF UPPER CANADA . 243 II. PROVINCIAL . FINANCE SINCE CONFEDERATION . 250 III. EARLY MUNICIPAL . FINANCE AND TAXATION . .258 The Municipal Loan Fund, 1852-73 IV. RECENT MUNICIPAL FINANCE AND TAXATION . 268 ILLUSTRATIONS SIR JOHN BEVERLEY ROBINSON . Frontispiece From a painting in the Department of Education, Toronto TORONTO Facingpage 48 (1) SPADINA AVENUE BETWEEN OXFORD STREET AND COLLEGE STREET, 1 864 (2) THE FIRST POST-OFFICE IN TORONTO, 1792-1827 (3) THE FIRST ROMAN CATHOLIC SCHOOL IN TORONTO, BUILT 1825, AT THE SOUTH-WEST CORNER OF JARVIS STREET AND HOSPITAL STREET From the John Ross Robertson Collection in the Toronto Public Library TORONTO „ S6 (1) THE FIRST COURT-HOUSE, BUILT 1810, ON THE NORTH SIDE OF WEST RICHMOND STREET WHERE THE CONFEDERATION LIFE BUILDING NOW STANDS (2) THE NORTH SIDE OF FRONT STREET EAST, i860 (3) THE NORTH SIDE OF KING STREET WEST FROM TORONTO STREET TO CHURCH STREET, 1 834 From the John Ross Robertson Collection in the Toronto Public Library TORONTO ,,72 (1) VIEW OF KING STREET IN 1836 (2) RESIDENCE AND WAGON-MAKER'S SHOP NEAR THE CORNER OF KING STREET AND VONGE STREET, 181 5 From the John Ross Robertson Collection in the Toronto Public Libraiy xii THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO JOHN GALT Facingpage 88 From the portrait by Irvine in the Ch&teau dc Ramezay THE FIRST PARLIAMENT OF ONTARIO . « 104 PREMIERS OF ONTARIO ,,136 ONTARIO IN THE DOMINION GENERAL OUTLINES VOL. XVII ONTARIO IN THE DOMINION: GENERAL OUTLINES THE circumstances under which Upper Canada was set apart as a community, and the character of its early settlers, fixed its future destiny. It was, by deliberate design, the region reserved for the English-speaking portion of the people, and it became, by the rapid issue of events, the shelter of the refugee loyalists of the American Revolution. This has remained a fundamental factor in the evolution of Ontario. That the genius of the English race for self-government should reproduce itself here, and that this should be accompanied by a steady and at times ardent attachment to British connection, were equally inevitable. Of the loyalists it may be said that they would have formed a valuable immigration for the upbuilding of any state, even for one less richly dowered by nature than this. They gave to Ontario the traditions and the impulses which are still its most precious possessions. The defects which they developed under trying conditions do not detract from the enduring nature of their achievements as a whole. During the years immediately following the migration their priva- tions were many, and a bare living was only won by the most arduous toil. Under such conditions the progress of the new state was necessarily slow. Men could look ahead, but not with the prospect of enjoying prosperity themselves. Then came the war of invasion and the withdrawal from pro- ductive labour of the greater part of the male population. The loyalist settlers once more made a supreme sacrifice, and the courage with which they repelled the repeated attacks of superior forces denoted qualities that in all ages of the world have been held in high honour. 4 ONTARIO IN THE DOMINION It may be that during the distinctively loyalist period the province developed at a snail's pace as compared with the neighbouring States of the American Union. Meagrely furnished with capital for public works or private enterprises, lacking a market for its surplus products, the province was deprived of those opportunities for rapid material growth which go far to reconcile men to the drawbacks of a rough environment and a crude social existence. To the natural barriers that separated the people from the French of Lower Canada were added the unhappy dissensions arising out of differences of race and creed. For these reasons an inland community, restricted in its intercourse with civilization, cut off from the main currents of thought in the Old World, was forced in many respects to subsist upon itself, with the result that undue emphasis was placed upon political controversy and agitation. This brings us to another essential factor in the life of the province, and one that must be studied with care if we are to understand the Ontario of to-day. The lessons of the past have been potent in moulding the development of the province. The constitution has derived its strength and the policy its harmony from the experience and strife of previous generations. It has been said that the state which fails to honour and to profit by its own past must soon cease to exist. Ontario has never forgotten its history, nor has it omitted to learn and apply the teaching of a century and a quarter. At the outset Simcoe, a man of many virtues and consider- able parts, was neither more nor less far-seeing than his contemporaries. Everywhere throughout the British Empire the forces of reaction were aroused. The young loyalist colony in Upper Canada had been forced into existence by one revolution. The greater revolution in France was now in its early stages. This event cast its dark shadow over the debates upon the Constitutional Act of 1 791. If we look vainly in that measure for generous concessions to the British self-governing spirit at the hands of Pitt, Burke, and Fox, and if we wonder somewhat impatiently why disorder in France secured more attention from these brilliant states- men than the details of the bill, a little reflection will supply GENERAL OUTLINES 5 the explanation. The revolutions in North America and in France alarmed moderate men and resulted in postponing parliamentary reform and in checking the democratic move- ment generally. Simcoe, therefore, was in accord with the dominant ideas of the day when he endeavoured to set up an aristocratic system and to establish a governing class. This design, futile as it proved to be, bore a train of evils which harassed the politics of the province for half a cen- tury. It produced the Family Compact.