Notes Introduction 1. Mahmood Mamdani, Citizen and Subject: Contemporary African and the Legacy of Late Colonialism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996). Chapter 1 1. Naomi Chazan, P. Lewis, R. Mortimer, D. Rothschild, and S. J. Stedman, Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 3rd ed., 1999), 15. 2. Peter Schwab, Africa: A Continent Self-destructs (New York: Palgrave, 2001). 3. Schwab, Africa, 138. 4. Ibid., 5, 7. 5. Ibid., 2. 6. Ibid., 139. 7. Ibid., 168–69. 8. Ibid., 25. 9. Bill Berkeley, The Graves Are Not Yet Full: Race, Tribe, And Power in The Heart of Africa (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 11. 10. Berkeley, The GravesAre not Yet Full, 11. 11. Ibid., 12. 12. Ibid., 15. 13. Scott Peterson, Me Against My Brother: At War in Somalia, Sudan, and Rwanda (New York: Routledge, 2000). 14. Ibid., xix. 15. Ibid., xiv. 16. Ibid., xx. 17. Ibid., 12. 18. Daniel Bergner, In the Land of Magic: A Story of White and Black in West Africa (New York: Picardor, 2003). 19. Ibid., 10. 20. Ibid., 21. 21. Roel van der Veen, What Went Wrong With Africa? A Contemporary History (Amsterdam: KIT, 2004), 209. 22. Ibid., 255. 23. Ibid., 358. 24. Ibid. 25. Martin Meredith, The Fate of Africa: From the Hopes of Freedom to the Heart of Despair (New York: Public Affairs, 2005), 11–12, 76, 78. 26. Naomi Chazan et. al., Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa, 3rd ed. (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999), 18–21; Colin Leys, “Underdevelopment & Dependency: pal-muiu2-12Notes.indd 217 11/7/08 10:29:49 AM 218 Notes Critical Notes,” in The Rise and Fall of Development Theory (Nairobi: EAEP; Blooming- ton: Indiana University Press; Oxford: James Currey, 1996). 27. Walter Rodney, How Europe Underdeveloped Africa (Washington, DC: Howard Univer- sity Press, 1982), 20. 28. Ibid., 4, 24–25. 29. Ibid., 27. 30. Ibid., 4, 24–25. 31. Leys, 48–51. 32. Ibid., 48–49. 33. André Gunder Frank, “The Underdevelopment of Development,” quoted in Leys, 32–33. 34. Chazan et al., Politics and Society in Contemporary Africa, 3rd ed., 22. 35. Abdi Ismail Samatar and Ahmed I. Samatar, eds., “Introduction,” in The African State: Reconsiderations (Portsmouth: Heinemann, 2002), 5, 6. 36. Samatar and Samatar, “Introduction,” 6. 37. Ibid., 9–12. 38. Ibid., 13. 39. Leonardo A. Villalon, “The African State at the End of the Twentieth Century: Param- eters of the Critical Juncture,” in The African State at a Critical Juncture: Between Disin- tegration & Reconfiguration, ed. Leonardo A. Villalón and Phillip A. Huxtable (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998), 7; I. William Zartman, ed., Collapsed States: The Disintegra- tion and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995). 40. Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja and Margaret C. Lee, eds., The State and Democracy in Africa (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1998), 1. 41. Nzongola-Ntalaja and Lee, 114–79. 42. Robert Fatton, Jr., “The State of African Studies and the Studies of the African State: The Theoretical Softness of the ‘Soft State,’” Journal of Asian and African Studies 24, nos. 3–4 (1989): 176, 184, 172; see also Robert Fatton, Jr., Predatory Rule: State and Civil Society in Africa (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1992). 43. S. N. Sangpam, Pseudocapitalism and the Overpoliticized State (Brookfield, VT: Avebury, 1994), 5. 44. Richard Joseph, Democracy and Prebendal Politics in Nigeria (Ibadan: Spectrum, 1990), 1. 45. William Reno, Warlord Politics and African States (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998), 2. 46. Jean-Francois Bayart, “The War in Africa: A Challenge for Paris and Pretoria,” in France and South Africa: Towards a New Engagement with Africa, ed. Chris Alden and Guy Martin (Pretoria: Protea Book House, 2003), 177; Jean-François Bayart, Achille Mbe- mbe, and Comi Toulabor, Le Politique par le Bas en Afrique noire: Contribution à une Problématique de la Démocratie (Paris: Éditions Karthala, 1992); for a similar approach, see also James C. Scott, Domination and the Art of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990). 47. Jean François Bayart, Stephen Ellis, and Béatrice Hibou, The Criminalization of the State in Africa (Oxford: James Currey; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 44; Jean-François Bayart, L’État en Afrique: La Politique du ventre (Paris: Fayard, 1989), translated as The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (New York: Longman,1993). 48. Bayart, Ellis, and Hibou. 49. Patrick Chabal and Jean-Pascal Daloz, Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument (Oxford: James Currey; Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), xviii, xix. pal-muiu2-12Notes.indd 218 11/7/08 10:29:50 AM Notes 219 50. Michael G. Schatzberg, Political Legitimacy in Middle Africa: Father, Family, Food (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001). 51. Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000). 52. Ibid., 3, 6. 53. Ibid. 54. Ibid., 5, 11, 14. 55. Ibid., 170–71. 56. Ibid., 76, 91, 94. 2001), 45–53. 57. Christopher Clapham, Africa and the International System: The Politics of State Survival (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 5. 58. Abdi Ismail Samatar, “Botswana: Comprehending the Exceptional State,” in Samatar and Samatar, The African State: Reconsiderations, 23, 24; Robert L. Curry, “The Legacy of Sir Seretse Khama: Botswana’s ‘Real’ Diamond Mine” (paper presented at the 20th Annual conference of the Association of Third World Studies, Shreveport, LA, Novem- ber 6–8, 2003); Pamela Mbabazi and Ian Taylor, eds., The Potentiality of ‘Developmental States’ in Africa: Botswana and Uganda Compared (Dakar: CODESRIA, 2005). 59. Robert H. Jackson, Quasi-states: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third World (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990). 60. Abdul Raufu Mustapha, “Coping with Diversity: The Nigerian State in Historical Per- spective,” in Samatar and Samatar, The African State: Reconsiderations, 149–75. 61. Mathurin C. Houngnikpo, L’illusion démocratique en Afrique (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2004). 62. Houngnikpo, 44–45. 63. In Africa’s Elusive Quest for Development (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), 125. 64. Ibid., 72–74. 65. Ibid., 153. 66. Ibid., 172. 67. Achille Mbembe, De la postcolonie: Essai sur l’imagination politique dans l’Afrique contem- poraine (Paris: Ơditions Karthala, 2000), 7–29, 31. 68. Ibid., 41–68. 69. Ibid., 68–69. 70. Crawford Young, The African Colonial State in Comparative Perspective (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994), 292. 71. Basil Davidson, The Black Man’s Burden: Africa and the Curse of the Nation-State (New York: Three Rivers, 1992), 10, 12. 72. Ibid., 18–19, 40, 42. 73. Ibid., 73. 74. Ibid., 61, 85, 86. 75. Ibid., 138–39, 145, 162–63, 168, 183. 76. Ibid., 207–9, 223–24, 241, 262–63, 286. 77. Ibid., 294–95, 321. A similar argument (namely, that the African postcolonial state has failed to cater to the needs of African peoples, has become irrelevant and must be recon- stituted) is made by Pita Ogaba Agbese and George Klay Kieh, Jr. in Pita Ogaba Agbese and George Klay Kieh, Jr., eds., Reconstituting the State in Africa (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007); see also George Klay Kieh, Jr. Beyond State Failure and Collapse: Mak- ing the State Relevant in Africa (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2007). 78. Sheldon Gellar, Democracy in Senegal: Tocquevillian Analytics in Africa (New York: Pal- grave Macmillan, 2005), viii–x. 79. Ibid., 3. pal-muiu2-12Notes.indd 219 11/7/08 10:29:50 AM 220 Notes 80. Ibid., 3. 81. Ibid., 5. 82. Ibid., 8. 83. Ibid., 172. 84. Ibid., 176. 85. Ibid., 181, 186. 86. Ibid., 187. 87. Rita Abrahamsen, Disciplining Democracy: Development Discourse and Good Governance in Africa (New York: Zed Books, 2000). 88. Kevin C. Dunn, Imagining the Congo: The International Relations of Identity (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). 89. George B. N. Ayittey, Africa Unchained: The Blueprint for Africa’s Future (New York: Pal- grave Macmillan, 2005), 1–32, 57–92; the quotes are from 2, 65, and 91, respectively (italics in the original). 90. George Ayittey, Africa Unchained, 389, 406. 91. Ibid., 85. 92. Ibid., 29. 93. Ibid., 104. 94. Ibid., 116. 95. Ayittey, op. cit., 366, 94. 96. Robert Guest, The Shackled Continent (London: Macmillan, 2004), 23; cited in Ayittey, Africa Unchained, 366. 97. Ayittey, Africa Unchained, 410, 365–66 (italics in original). 98. Ibid., 368–81, 389–91, 398–99. 99. Ibid., 411–12. 100. Ibid., 27, 179, 417–18. 101. John Mukum Mbaku, Institutions and Development in Africa (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2004), 6, 4. 102. Ibid., 10. 103. Ibid., 16. 104. Ibid., 113–14. 105. Ibid., 302. 106. Ibid., 141–75. 107. Adebayo O. Olukoshi and Liisa Laakso, “The Crisis of the Post-colonial Nation-state Project in Africa,” in A. O. Olukoshi and L. Laakso, eds., Challenges to the Nation-state in Africa (Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1996), 36. 108. Makau wa Mutua, “Why Redraw the Map of Africa: A Moral and Legal Inquiry,” Michi- gan Journal of International Law 16 (Summer 1995), 1113–76. 109. Ibid., 21. 110. Kelechi A. Kalu, “Ethnicity and Political Economy of Africa: A Conceptual Analysis,” in The Issue of Political Ethnicity in Africa, ed. E. Ike Udogo (Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Publishers, 2001), 35–58; “Globalization and Democratization in Africa: Problems and Prospects” in The Transition to Democratic Governance in Africa: The Continuing Struggle, ed. John Mukumu Mbaku and Julius O. Ihonvbere (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2003), 58–79. 111. Kelechi A. Kalu, “The Political Economy of State Reconstitution in Africa,” in Contend- ing Issues in African Development: Advances, Challenges, and the Future, ed. Obioma M. Iheduru (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2001), 29. 112. Ibid., 32. 113. Ibid., 39. pal-muiu2-12Notes.indd 220 11/7/08 10:29:50 AM Notes 221 114.