Project SI 4.1 – Phase 2 A quick-scan of literature and available numerical models Deltares, Imares, Boskalis © Deltares, 2008 Preliminary Prepared for: EcoShape Project SI 4.1 - Phase 2 A quick-scan of literature and available numerical models Deltares: Bas van Maren, Paul Erftemeijer, Jamie Lescinski, Erika Martini, Victor Langenberg, Claire Jeuken Imares: Chris Klok and Diana Slijkerman Boskalis: Fokko van de Goot Report December 2010 Client EcoShape Title Project SI 4.1 –Phase 2. A quick scan of literature and available numerical models Abstract The Joint Singapore Marine Program (JSMP) is a result of cooperation between the Singapore Delft Water Alliance (SDWA) and EcoShape, Building with Nature (BwN). Most research projects of the JSMP require data and /or model studies, including measurement campaigns, monitoring and modelling of ecological processes and parameters as well as physical ones. A main objective of the supportive project SI 4.1 is to provide and disclose the results of a coordinated inventory and collation of : x required and accessible, existing data of field measurements and monitoring, x scientific and grey literature and existing numerical models, forming a basis for developing new measurement and monitoring plans and model studies, thereby facilitating an efficient start of the whole JSMP. This report describes the results of a quick-scan of literature and an inventory of available numerical models. The objective of this report is to provide an accessible introduction to everybody who is interested and/or involved in the research topics addressed in the JSMP. As such, it does not pretend to give an in depth scientific literature review; this will be done within the scientific (SDWA) research projects. It does however summarise the general characteristics, management issues, data and knowledge gaps (as identified in the SDWA projects so far) for the following topics: x The Physical system (Chapter 2) x Water quality of the coastal waters of Singapore (Chapter 3) x Human activities in the coastal waters of Singapore (Chapter 4) x Coral reefs around Singapore (Chapter 5). x Sea grass meadows around Singapore (Chapter 6) x Mangroves around Singapore (Chapter 7) x Modelling inventory (Chapter 8) x References Ver Author Date Remarks Review Approved by 1.0 partners in project January 2010 cross reviews Deltares 2.0 partners in project August 2010 Cross reviews Deltares 3.0 Partners in project December 2010 Cross reviews Deltares Project number SI 4.1 Keywords Number of pages 135 Classification None Status Final Project SI 4.1 December 2010 Final Contents 1 Introduction .........................................................................................................5 1.1 The Joint Singapore Marine Program ......................................................5 1.2 The BwN project SI 4.1 of the JSMP........................................................7 2 The physical system ...........................................................................................9 2.1 Hydrodynamic regime in the coastal waters around Singapore...............9 2.1.1 Tides and monsoon currents........................................................9 2.1.2 Rivers .........................................................................................12 2.1.3 Wind and Waves ........................................................................14 2.2 Distribution, properties and transport of (fine) sediments ......................16 2.3 Anthropogenic measures and their impact on the physical system.......17 2.3.1 Reclamation works.....................................................................17 2.3.2 Dredging.....................................................................................20 2.3.3 Deforestation..............................................................................20 2.3.4 Shipping......................................................................................21 2.4 Data and knowledge gaps......................................................................21 2.4.1 Data gaps ...................................................................................21 2.4.2 Knowledge gaps.........................................................................22 3 Water quality aspects of the coastal waters around Singapore..................23 3.1 Nutrients and HAB in the coastal waters around Singapore..................23 3.1.1 Nutrients .....................................................................................24 3.1.2 Chlorophyll-a ..............................................................................25 3.1.3 Harmful Algal Blooms.................................................................26 3.1.4 Dissolved oxygen .......................................................................27 3.2 Chemicals in the coastal waters around Singapore...............................29 3.2.1 Antifouling compounds...............................................................29 3.2.2 Heavy metals..............................................................................30 3.2.3 POPs ..........................................................................................32 3.3 Environmental impacts and management in Singapore ........................35 3.4 Data and knowledge gaps......................................................................37 4 Human activities in the coastal waters of Singapore....................................39 4.1 Development of marine Infrastructure – past, present and future..........39 4.1.1 Earlier development ...................................................................39 4.1.2 Developments since 1959..........................................................40 4.1.3 Sand mining ...............................................................................42 4.1.4 Impact on the environment.........................................................42 4.2 Other human activities............................................................................43 4.2.1 Landfills ......................................................................................43 4.2.2 Coastal construction works ........................................................44 Deltares, Imares, Boskalis i Deltares Project SI 4.1 FInal 4.2.3 Offshore oil and gas and petrochemical industry ......................44 4.2.4 Port activities and maritime transportation ................................45 4.2.5 Tourism ......................................................................................45 4.2.6 Agriculture, aquaculture and fisheries .......................................46 4.2.7 Land-based input (including waste water treatment plants)......46 4.3 Environmental impacts and management in Singapore ........................47 4.3.1 Environmental Impacts ..............................................................47 4.3.2 Management..............................................................................48 4.4 Data and knowledge gaps......................................................................50 5 Marine Ecosystems – Coral reefs ...................................................................51 5.1 Ecosystem characteristics and ecosystem services..............................51 5.2 Distribution in (and around) Singapore ..................................................53 5.3 Environmental impacts and management in Singapore ........................55 5.4 Data and knowledge gaps......................................................................62 6 Marine Ecosystems – Sea grass meadows ...................................................65 6.1 Ecosystem characteristics and ecosystem services of seagrass beds........................................................................................................65 6.2 Distribution of seagrasses in (and around) Singapore...........................66 6.2.1 Historical distribution..................................................................66 6.2.2 Present day seagrass distribution .............................................69 6.2.3 Singapore’s main seagrass sites...............................................70 6.3 Environmental impacts and management in Singapore ........................73 6.4 Data and knowledge gaps......................................................................74 7 Marine Ecosystems – Mangroves...................................................................75 7.1 Ecosystem characteristics and ecosystem services of Mangroves.......75 7.2 Distribution of mangroves in and around Singapore..............................77 7.3 Environmental impacts and management in Singapore ........................82 7.4 Data and knowledge gaps......................................................................83 8 Model Inventory ................................................................................................85 8.1 Introduction.............................................................................................85 8.2 Deltares Models......................................................................................85 8.2.1 Modelling Programs...................................................................85 8.2.2 1D Model Applications ...............................................................88 8.2.3 2D Model Applications ...............................................................90 8.2.4 3D Model Applications ...............................................................92 8.3 External Models......................................................................................98