EDITION LAUSANNE Limitedto onethousandregisteredsets F No......__.._,5" THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE VOL. XII THEWORKSOF EDWARDGIBBON HISTORY OF ROME VOLUME XII NEW YORK FRED DEFAU & COMPANY PUBLISHERS THE HISTORY OF THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE BY EDWARD GIBBON EDITEDBY J. B. BURYM., A. WITH AN INTRODUCTION THE RT.HON.W.E. H. LECKY VOL.XII NEW YORK FRED DE FAU & COMPANY PUBLISHERS COPYRIGHT, Ig&/, FRED DE FAU & COMPANY. t_ CONTENTS OF THE TWELFTH VOLUME PAGK LISTS OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix NoTz . x CHAPTER IDCVIII Reign and Charactero] Mahometthe Second- Siege, Assault, and l_nal Conquesto]Constantinoplebythe Turks -- Deatho] ConstantinePal_- ologus--Sertritudeo]the Greeks--Extilw.tlono]the Roman Empire in the Eaa--Conslernationo]Europe-- Conquestsand Deatho] Mahomet the Second A.D° x45o--x452Characterof MahometII. x x45x-x48xHis Reign • • 4 x45xHostileIntentionsof Mahomet . 5 t452 He buildsa Fortresson the Bosphorus 9 The TurkishWar xo I452, I453Preparationsforthe Siege'ofC_nstantinople x2 The greatcannonof Mahomet. x4 x453MahometII. formsthe Siegeof Co_tantinople" x6 Forcesof the Turks . x7 Greeks . 19 x452 FalseUnionof the Two Cl_urches 2z ObstinacyandFanaticismof the Greeks 2r x453 Siegeof Constantinoplbye MahometH. 24 Attackand Defence . 26 Succourand Victoryof fourShips . 28 Mahomettransportshis NavyOverland 3a Distressof theCity . 35 Preparationsof the Turks fortl_eGeneralAssault 36 LastFarewellof the Emperorandthe Greeks. 38 The GeneraAssaultl . - 39 Death of the EmperorConstautmePal_eologns 44 Lossof the City andEmpire . 45 The Turks enterandpillageConsta_tinopie 45 Captivityof the Greeks ..... 46 Amountof the Spoil . 49 M__homeILlt .visitsthe City,St.'Soplfia,tl_ePaia¢_,etc. 5I His Behaviourto theGreeks ..... 5a He _-peoplesand adornsConstantinople.... 54 x453 Extinctionof the ImperialFamiliesof ComneunsandPala_ologus 58 x46o Lossof the Morea 58 T vi CONTENTS A.D, PAGX I461Loss ot Trebizond I453 Griefand Terror of ]_urope 6x59 t48I Death of Mahomet 11. 68 CHAPTER LXIX S_le o]Rome]rom the Twelfth Century-- TemporalDominionof thePopes -- Seditionao/the City- PoliticalHeresyo]Arnoldo]Brescia-- Res- torationo] the Republic--The Senators--Pride o] the Romans-- Their Wars--They aredeprivedo] the Electionand Presenceo] the Popes, who retire to A_ignon--The Jubilee--Noble Familieso] Rome-- Feudo_the ColonnaandUrsini iroo--i5ooStateand Revolutionsof Rome 65 zooo-LtooThe Frenchand GermanEmperorsof Rome 66 Authorityof thePopesin Rome 69 From Affection. 69 Right 7° -- Virtue 70 Benefits. 7r Inconstancyof Superstition 7_ Seditionsof Rome againstthe Popes 73 io86--i3o5Successorsof GregoryVII. 74 zo9o--zxx8Paschal11. 75 zzx8, Izz9 Gelasius1I. 75 xr44,1I45 Lucius II. 76 xz8x-zz85 Lucius IIL 76 zxz9-rI24 CalixtusII. 77 i18o-ii48 Innocent1"1. 77 Characterof the RomansI_ySt. Bernard 77 II4o PoliticalHeresyof Arnoldof Bresci_ 78 ii44-ix54 He exhortsthe Romansto restorethe Re )ublic 81 [InnocII.,entAnastasiusIV., Adrian IV. 82 1t55 His Execution . 83 Restorationo1the Senate . 84 The Capitol 87 The Coin . 88 The Prefect of tlaeCity . 88 Number and Choiceof the Senate 90 The Officeof Senator 9r x252-I258Brancaleone . 92 lr265--I278 Charlesof Anjou 94 128r PopeMartin IV.... 94 1328 The Emperor Lewisof Bavaria 95 Addressesof Rome to the Emperors 95 xz44 Conrad IIL 95 xr55 FredericI..... 96 Wars of the Romansagainstthe neighbouringCities 1oo zx67 Battle of Tusculum . io2 1234 . of Viterbo lto2 The E,/ectionof the Popes" 1o3 z179 Right of the Cardinalsestablishedby"AlexanderIII." 1o4 CONTENTS vii _D. PAGZ ,274 Institutionof the Condaveby GregoryX. xo4 Absenceof the Popesfrom Rome xo6 x294-x3o3 BonifaceVIII.. xo8 x3o9Translationof the HolySe_to Avignon io9 x3oo Institutionof the Jubilee,or HolyYear ix1 z35o The SecondJubilee . xi3 The Nobles orBaronsof Rome zx4 Familyof Leo the Jew xx6 The Colonna Ix7 And Ursini xz7 Their hereditary'Feucis x2x CHAPTER LXX Ctmracterand Coronationo] Petrarch--Restorationo] the Freedomand Governmento]Rome by the TribuneRienzi- His Virtuesand Vices, his Expulsionand Death--Re_urn o]the Popes/tom A_ignon--Great Schismo]theWest-- Re-Uniono]theLatin Church-- Last Struggleso] RomanLiberty- Statuteso]Rome-- Final Sett_nen_o]the F_.c.clesia_ti- calS_ x3o4-x374Petrarch .... x23 x34x HisPoetic Coronationat Rome 126 Birth, Character,and PatrioticDesignsof'Rienz.i x29 x344 BecomesNotaryof the CivicCamera x3o x347 He assumesthe Governmenoft Rome x32 Withthe Title and Officeof Tribune x33 Lawsof the Good Estate . x33 Freedomand Prosperityof the RomanRe)ublic x36 The Tribune is respectedin Italy,etc. x37 AndcelebratedbyPetrarch I39 His Vicesand Foilies x39 The Pompof his Knighth°°d . x4x AndCoronation . I43 Fearand Hatredof tl_eNobles of Rome 144 They opposeRienziin Arms . x46 Defeatand Death of the Colonna . I46 Felland Flightof theTribune Rienzi x48 i347-I354 Revolutionsof Rome x49 Adventuresof Rienzi xSO x351 A Prisonerat Avignon I5x z354 Rienzi,Senatorof Rome . z52 HisDeath . x54 x355 Petrarchinvitesand upbraidsthe EmperorCharlesIV. I54 He solicitsthe Popesof Avignonto fix theirResidenceat Rome x55 z367-x37oReturnof UrbanV.. x57 x377 Final Returnof GregoryXI. x57 x378"HisDeath . I59 Electionof UrlmnVI" x59 Electionof ClementVII. i6o 1378-x4x8GreatSchismof the West x6a Calamitiesof Rome . x62 viii CONTENTS _D. PAGE x39_-z4o7. Negotiationsfor Peaceand Union . i63 _4o9 Councilof Pisa . x6S x4x4-x4x8Councilof Constance x6S Electionof Martin V. x67 x4I7 MartinV. x67 x43_ EugeniusIV. I67 x447 NicholasV. i68 x434 Last Revolt of Rome 168 x452 Last Coronationof a GernlanEmperor,F'redencH/. x69 The Statutesand Governmentof Rome x69 :453 Conspiracyof Porcam x72 LastDisordersof theNoblesof'Rome x74 x5oo The Popesacquirethe absoluteDominion'ofRome_ x75 The EcclesiasticalGovernment x78 I585-z59o SixtusV.. x78 CHAPTER LXXI Prospecto]the Ruin_ o]Rome in the FifleenlhCcnlury_ Four Causeso] Decayand Destruction_ F_ample o/the Coliseum_ _ion o/the City -- Conclusiono! thewholeWork x43o Viewand Discourseof Poggiusfromthe CapitolineHill i8e His Descriptionof theRuins x83 Gradual Decayof Rome . z86 Four Causesof Destruction _87 I. The Injuriesof Nature . x87 Hurricanesand Earthquakes x88 Fires . x88 Inundations z89 II. The HostileAttacksof'the Barbariansand Chris:ians x9x III. The Useand Abuseof the Materials x94 IV. The DomesticQuarrelsof the Romans z98 The ColiseumorAmphitheatreof Titus "o2 Gamesof Rome 204 z332A Bull-feastin the Coli_um 204 Injuries . 206 And Consecrationof the Coliseum 207 IgnoranceandBarbarismof the Romans 2o8 I420 RestorationandOrnamentsof the City _io FinalConclusion 2_3 Ar_.m>zx . _x5 I_EX I., to Text .'. a19 L,coEx II., to Appendices. 387 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS THEBum_mcoF ROME. Frontispiece FromadrawingbyJanStyka. YAGE AVIGNON FromapaintingbyT. Allom. PETRARCH. 124 FromaportraibtyTofanelli. POPECLEMENTVII.. 16o FromaportraitbyFraSebastianode]Piombo. PLANOF ANCIENTROME . 18o THE COLISEUM. 202 Fromaphotograph. ix NOTE I HAVEagainthe pleasureof thankingProfessorStanley Lane-Poole for his assistance. He has helped me to revise chapters of the last two volumesdealing with ori- ental history. j. B.B. THEHISTORYOF THEDECLINEAND FALLOF THEROMANEMPIRE CHAPTER LXVIII ReignandCharactero]MahomettheSecond--SiegeAssault, , andfinal Conquesto]Constantinopleby the Turks Deatho] ConstantinePala_ologus--Servitudeo] the Greeks-Extinctiono]theRomanEmpirein theEast Consternationo]Europe_ ConquestsandDeatho] MahomettheSecond Tm_siegeofConstantinoplebytheTurksattractsourfirst attentiontothepersonandcharacterofthegreatdestroyer. MahomettheSecondI wasthesonofthesecondAmurath; .and,thoughhismotherhasbeendecoratedwiththetitlesof Christianandprincessshe, ismoreprobablyconfoundedwith thenumerousconcubineswhopeopledfromeveryclimatethe haremofthesultan. Hisfirsteducationandsentimentswere thoseofa devoutMusulman;and,as oftenashe conversed withan infidelhe, purifiedhis handsandfacebythelegal ritesof ablution.Ageand empireappeartohaverelaxed this narrowbigotry;his aspiringgeniusdisdainedto ac- knowledgea powerabovehis own;andin hislooserhours 1Forthe characterof MahometII. it is dangerousto trusteithertheTurks or the Christians. The most moderatepicture appears to be drawn by Phranza (1.i. c. 33), whoseresentmenthad cooledin age and solitude; see likewiseSpondanus (A.D.x45x, No. xx), and the continuatorof Fleury (tom. xxii. p. 552),the F_./og/aof PaulusJovlus (1.iii. p. x64-x66),and the Dictionnairede Bayle(tom. iii.p. 27a-a79). [Cp.Critobulus,i. 5,inMinUet, Frag.Hist. Gr., v. part _; Zinkeisen,Gesch.d¢8o+rnp-ni_c.hRceniches,ii. 468 sqq.] VOLX. lI._ I | 2 THE DECLINE AND FALL [CH.LXVIII he presumed(itis said)tobrandtheprophetofMeccaasa robberandimpostor.Yetthesultanperseveredina decent reverenceforthedoctrineanddisciplineofthe Koran;_his privateindiscretiomustn havebeensacredfromthevulgar ear; andwe shouldsuspectthe credulityofstrangersand sectaries,sopronetobelievethata mindwhichis hardened againsttruthmust be armedwithsuperiorcontemptfor absurdityand error. Underthetuitionof themostskil/ul masters,Mahometadvancedwithanearlyandrapidprogress inthepathsofknowledge;and,besideshisnativetongueit, is affirmedthathe spokeor understoofived languages/the Arabicthe, Persian,the Chalda_anor Hebrew,the Latin, andthe Greek. The Persianmight,indeed,contributteo hisamusementand, theArabictohisedification;andsuch studiesarefamiliartotheOrientalyouth. In theintercourse oftheGreeksandTurks,a conqueromightr wishtoconverse withthe peopleoverwhomhe wasambitiousto reign;his ownpraisesinLatinpoetry' orprose5mightfinda passage Cantem/(rp,ix5), andthemoschswhichhe