The Text of the Book of Hosea 김성진 문제 - 본문상의 문제들로부터 비교적 자유로운 구약성서의 ㅌ책들: => 오경, 사사기, 에스더, 요나서, 아모스서 등 - 빈번한 본문 훼손들로 유명한 책들? => 호세아서, 에스겔서, 사무엘서-열왕기서, 시편, 욥기, 스기랴서 등 출처: Douglas Stuart, 구약주석방법론, 162-63 요약 호세아 본문에 대한 세 가지 이슈 (1) Hebrew Vorlage(n) of the book (2) LXX 호세아서의 번역적 특성 (3) 북쪽 방언의 영향 결론: MT Hosea is a reliable primary witness for the book of Hosea. ㅌ MT와 번역본들 히브리어 성경 번역서 LXX (BC 3세기-AD 1세기) Masoretic Text -Aquila/Theodotion/Symmachus (Leningrad Codex, Aleppo Codex) Vulgate Peshitta Targum 문제 호세아서 히브리어 본문에 대한 상반된 접근 과거~현재 최근 - “The most corrupt and Several scholars, holding that the poorly preserved of the peculiarities in the MT reflect Hebrew Bible” dialectal idiosyncrasies and the - Extensive emendation literary style of the northern prophet based on versions––notably Hosea, attempt to read the MT in its the LXX––and critical own right by minimizing or resisting conjectures. most suggestions for emendation BHS editor K. Elliger D. A. Garrett, Hosea, Joel (NAC; Nashville, => Over 300 textual changes TN: B&H, 1997), 26-27; T. E. McComiskey, “Hosea,” in The Minor Prophets (Grand for the Hebrew text of Hosea. Rapids: Baker Book, 2009). 문제 MT 호세아: a reliable primary text? (1) Some scholars are skeptical about attributing the peculiar language of the book to the dialectal features of the northern provenance. (2) The recent discovery of manuscripts of the Twelve Prophets from Qumran Cave 4 suggests that there may have been another Hebrew Vorlage that stood behind LXX Hosea. 문제 히브리어 성경 번역서 Masoretic Text LXX (Leningrad Codex, Aleppo Codex) Targum 사해사본 (1947년) 이슈 1: Hebrew Vorlage(n) of the book 사해사본 (1947년) 발견 전 The LXX holds the place of priority while the other versions (e.g., the Peshitta, Vulgate, and Targum) are occasionally of minor value for text critics. LXX의 가치에 대해 긍정적 LXX의 가치에 대해 부정적 E.g., G. H. Patterson, “The E.g., L. Treitel, “Die Septuaginta zu Septuagint Text of Hosea Hosea,” MGWJ 41 (1897), 441; H. S. Compared with the Masoretic Nyberg, “Das textkritische Problem des Text,” Hebraica 7 (1891), 190– Alten Testaments am Hoseabuch 221; Harper, Hosea; Neef, “Der demonstriert,” ZAW 52 (1934), 241–54; Septuaginta-Text und der idem, Studien zum Hoseabuche: Zugleich Masoreten-Text des Hoseabuches ein Beitrag zur Klärung des Problems im Vergleich,” 195–220. der alttestamentlichen Textkritik (Uppsala: A.B. Lundequistska, 1935), 116. 이슈 1: Hebrew Vorlage(n) of the book 사해사본 (1947년) 발견 후 - Seven Hebrew manuscripts of the Twelve Prophets from Cave 4 (4QXIIa,b,c,d,e,f,g) 이슈 1: Hebrew Vorlage(n) of the book 사해사본 (1947년) 발견 후 - Russell Fuller, the editor of the Twelve Prophets in the Discoveries in the Judaean Desert (DJD) series. Closer to the MT 4QXIIb, 4QXIId, 4QXIIg Closer to the LXX 4QXIIc, 4QXIIe 이슈 1: Hebrew Vorlage(n) of the book 사해사본 (1947년) 발견 후 4QXIIc - 약 75 BC - 다음을 포함: Hos 2:13– 15[11–13]; 3:2–4; 4:1–5:1; 13:4–8; 13:15–14:6[5]; Joel 1:10–2:1; 2:8– 10; 2:10–23; 4:6–21[3:6–3:21]; Amos 2:11–3:7; 3:8–4:2; 6:13– 7:16; Zeph 2:15–3:2; Mal 3:6–7. - Hos 13:4: prima facie 이슈 1: Hebrew Vorlage(n) of the book 4QXIIc : 호세아 13:4 “그러나 애굽 땅에 있을 때부터 나는 네 하나님 여호와라. 나밖에 네가 다른 신을 알지 말 것이라. 나 외에는 구원자가 없느니라” 이슈 1: Hebrew Vorlage(n) of the book Russell Fuller 교수의 주장: 이슈 1: Hebrew Vorlage(n) of the book Russell Fuller 교수 주장의 문제점 1 E. Tov, F. G. Martínez, and A. Lange => Non-aligned MT (15%) LXX (20%) Non-aligned (65%) 이슈 1: Hebrew Vorlage(n) of the book Russell Fuller 교수 주장의 문제점 2 - The level of scribal intervention (e.g., “supralinear corrections, deletions, erasures, reshaping of letters, linear and supralinear scribal signs”) Emanuel Tov Poor quality High quality (Deluxe edition) 4QDeutm, 5QDeut, 4QGenb, 4QpaleoGen– 주로 4QJoshb, 4QJudgb, Exodl, 4QpaleoExodm, Proto- 1QIsaa, 4QIsaa, 4QJera, 4QDeutg, 4QJerc MT 4QXIIc, 4QXIIe, 11QPsa, ,4QEzeka, MurXII, and 4QCantb, and 4QQoha. MasPsa. 이슈 1: Hebrew Vorlage(n) of the book Russell Fuller 교수 주장의 문제점 2 - H. von Weissenberg의 4QXIIc 연구 이슈 1: Hebrew Vorlage(n) of the book 이슈 1: Hebrew Vorlage(n) of the book Zeph] את יד]ו] ,.The scribe added cancellation dots to signal omission (e.g - (יָדֹו as in 픐 <= [2:15 [Joel 2:13] גדיכ]מה] ,.The scribe did not even spot an obvious scribal error (e.g - .(בִּ גְדֵיכֶם cf., 픐 픊 ;בגדיכםה from ב the scribe accidently dropped <= => Less than superior quality. 이슈 1: Hebrew Vorlage(n) of the book - The agreement between 4QXIIc and the LXX on Hos 13:4 => LXX를 뒷받침 하는 MT와 다른 Vorlage???? No! - The large number of variant readings that contradict the LXX. - The scribe’s laxity and his inconsistent correcting pattern–– sometimes toward the MT/LXX (e.g., Joel 1:18), one time toward the MT but against the LXX (e.g., Hos 4:18), and at times creating independent readings that are not attested in major versions (e.g., Joel 2:19; 4:8[3:8]; 4:18[3:18])––undermine the reliability of 4QXIIc as a textual witness. - Conflation의 가능성 (E.g., 1QIsaa) 이슈 1: Hebrew Vorlage(n) of the book - Conflation? - G. Vermes argues that Qumran scribes had “creative freedom,” meaning they “felt free to improve the composition which they were producing” (The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English, 7th ed. [New York: Penguin, 2011], 24–25). - S. Talmon attributes a number of Qumran variants in biblical scrolls and quotations to the scribes’ “insufficiently controlled copying” (“The Textual Study of the Bible–A New Outlook,” in F. M. Cross [ed.], Qumran and the History of the Biblical Text [Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1975], 380). - J. Norton, in his study on the scribal practice at Qumran, remarks, Many Qumran scholars have observed that the sectarian exegetes who composed the Pesharim and other exegetical literature made use of multiple ‘versions’ of the same biblical passage. The ‘scribes’ of Qumran are deemed naturally to have been able to compare multiple copies of a work in their library or their scriptorium. Indeed it is natural for scholars to view the ‘scribes’ of Qumran consulting multiple copies of a biblical work, since each accepts (or accepted at the time) that the scrolls were produced at Qumran by members of the community in the scriptorium. 이슈 1: Hebrew Vorlage(n) of the book - 결론 - 4QXIIc also accessed multiple textual sources in producing his manuscript. - The agreement between the LXX and 4QXIIc on Hos 13:4 merely resonates the common scribal interpolation attested in other manuscripts. => Hebrew Vorlage of LXX Hosea? Probably not! 이슈 2: LXX 호세아서의 번역적 특성 - 그럼 LXX 호세아 13:4의 긴 본문을 어떻게 이해해야 할까? - Scholars agree that LXX Hosea is quite distinct from the MT. - Nevertheless, they often presume that the Vorlage of LXX Hosea is at least “in basic agreement” with the MT, attributing the divergences to the LXX translator. (1) The Translator’s Theological Rendering (2) Translation Technique 이슈 2: LXX 호세아서의 번역적 특성 (1) The Translator’s Theological Rendering 첫째, LXX 호세아 13:4 It existed in the Many commentators take Hebrew archetype the text of LXX as having before the time of undergone secondary the LXX. expansion. (R. Fuller, D. Barthélemy, Longer reading Lectio brevior Wellhausen) LXX Vulgate c 4QXII Peshitta Targum X O 이슈 2: LXX 호세아서의 번역적 특성 (1) The Translator’s Theological Rendering 예) LXX 잠언 9:12, 18 - MT 잠언 9:12 - LXX 잠언 9:12 υἱέ ἐὰν σοφὸς γένῃ σεαυτῷ σοφὸς ἔσῃ καὶ τοῖς πλησίον ἐὰν δὲ אִם־ח ָ֭כַמְת ָּ ָּ κακὸς ἀποβῇς μόνος ἀναντλήσεις κακά [1] ὃς ἐρείδεται ἐπὶ ψεύδεσιν οὗτος ποιμανεῖ ἀνέμους ὁ δ᾽ αὐτὸς διώξεται ὄρνεα ח כַ ַ֣מְתָּל ָּ ְךָּוְְ֜לַָּ צְתָָּּ πετόμενα [2] ἀπέλιπεν γὰρ ὁδοὺς τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ ἀμπελῶνος τοὺς δὲ לְְֽבַדְ ךָָּ֥תִָָּּׂש ְֽ א ἄξονας τοῦ ἰδίου γεωργίου πεπλάνηται [3] διαπορεύεται δὲ δι᾽ 네가 만일 ἀνύδρου ἐρήμου καὶ γῆν διατεταγμένην ἐν διψώδεσιν συνάγει δὲ 지혜로우면 그 χερσὶν ἀκαρπίαν 지혜가 네게 My son, if you become wise for yourself, you will be wise for 유익할 것이나 your neighbors as well; however, if you turn out evil, you will 네가 만일 bear the evil alone. (12a) He who supports himself with lies will 거만하면 너 홀로 as well herd winds, and the same person will pursue flying birds, 해를 당하리라 (12b) for he has forsaken the ways of his vineyard and has caused the axles on his own farm to go astray. (12c) Yes, he travels through an arid wilderness and a land destined to drought and gathers barrenness with his hands. 이슈 2: LXX 호세아서의 번역적 특성 (1) The Translator’s Theological Rendering 예) LXX 욥기 42:17 - MT 욥기 42:17 - LXX 욥기 42:17 καὶ ἐτελεύτησεν Ιωβ πρεσβύτερος καὶ πλήρης ἡμερῶν [1] γέγραπται וַיָ ָּ֣מָ ת אִ י ֹוב זָָק ֵ֖ ן δὲ αὐτὸν πάλιν ἀναστήσεσθαι μεθ᾽ ὧν ὁ κύριος ἀνίστησιν [2] οὗτος ἑρμηνεύεται ἐκ τῆς Συριακῆς βίβλου ἐν μὲν γῇ κατοικῶν τῇ Αυσίτιδι ּושְׂבַ ַ֥ע יָמִ י׃ 욥이 늙어 ἐπὶ τοῖς ὁρίοις τῆς Ιδουμαίας καὶ Ἀραβίας προϋπῆρχεν δὲ αὐτῷ 나이가 차서 ὄνομα Ιωβαβ [3] λαβὼν δὲ γυναῖκα Ἀράβισσαν γεννᾷ υἱόν ᾧ ὄνομα 죽었더라 Εννων ἦν δὲ αὐτὸς πατρὸς μὲν Ζαρε τῶν Ησαυ υἱῶν υἱός μητρὸς δὲ Βοσορρας ὥστε εἶναι αὐτὸν πέμπτον ἀπὸ Αβρααμ [4] καὶ οὗτοι οἱ βασιλεῖς οἱ βασιλεύσαντες ἐν Εδωμ ἧς καὶ αὐτὸς ἦρξεν χώρας πρῶτος Βαλακ ὁ τοῦ Βεωρ καὶ ὄνομα τῇ πόλει αὐτοῦ Δενναβα μετὰ δὲ Βαλακ Ιωβαβ ὁ καλούμενος Ιωβ μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον Ασομ ὁ ὑπάρχων ἡγεμὼν ἐκ τῆς Θαιμανίτιδος χώρας μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον Αδαδ υἱὸς Βαραδ ὁ ἐκκόψας Μαδιαμ ἐν τῷ πεδίῳ Μωαβ καὶ ὄνομα τῇ πόλει αὐτοῦ Γεθθαιμ [5] οἱ δὲ ἐλθόντες πρὸς αὐτὸν φίλοι Ελιφας τῶν Ησαυ υἱῶν Θαιμανων βασιλεύς Βαλδαδ ὁ Σαυχαίων τύραννος Σωφαρ ὁ Μιναίων βασιλεύς 이슈 2: LXX 호세아서의 번역적 특성 (1) The Translator’s Theological Rendering 예) LXX 욥기 42:17 And it is written that he will rise again with those the Lord raises up.