... ........ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.- ..........~ ....~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . :~ Public Disclosure Authorized ............... :. s~: ... - a ........ ....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-.~. .................~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - ........ ........... _ - Public Disclosure Authorized ....~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- .... .... -,// . ... ..... ...... I 1 ..... 9~~~~~~~.... I .... .... .. .... ... .. Public Disclosure Authorized A ~~~~~~...... ..... Public Disclosure Authorized The World Bankis committedto knowledgesharing which involves not only the Bank's communitiesof practiceand their partners,but the entire developmentcommunity. A processof knowledgemanagement is essentialto makesense out of and act upon the vast quantitiesof informationavailable today. Still in the early stagesof implementation,knowledge management is expectedto changethe internaloperation of the World Bankand transformthe organization's relationshipswith externalclients, partners and stakeholders,becoming a key way of doing businessin the 21st Century. Giventhe speed of globalchange and the value of learningfrom ongoingactivities, the Urban DevelopmentDivision and Global UrbanPartnership of the World Bankare committedto communicatingthe resultsof the Bank'surban work to the developmentcommunity as quickly and clearlyas possible.Toward that end, this informalor 'gray paper'series is publishedin print, with abstractsfurnished on-line at www.worldbank.org. The Urban and LocalGovernment Working Papers Series presents current research, policies and tools underdevelopment by the Bankon a broadrange of developmentissues and practices in the urbandevelopment and local governancefield. These papersreflect work-in-progress, and some may appearin theirfinal form at a later date as publicationsunder the Bank'sofficial TechnicalPaper Series. The Urban and Local GovernmentWorking Papers Series is gearedto a technicalaudience and is intendedto aid the work and improvethe resultsof both Bankand non- Banktechnicians and practitionersworking in this field. AngelaGriffin Tim Campbel UrbanSector Manager GlobalUrban Partnership UrbanDevelopment Division Transportation,Water and UrbanDevelopment Department Finance,Private Sector and InfrastructureNetwork The WorldBank z Cover: Wastepickers workingat Carmonalandfill, Philippines. Photoby Lars Mikkel Johannessen What a Waste: Solid Waste Management in Asia May 1999 Urban Development Sector Unit East Asia and Pacific Region Copyright © 1999 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing May 1999 Urban and Local Government Working Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Request for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the Urban Development Division at the address in the copyright notice above. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when reproduction is for non- commercial purposes, without asking a fee. WHATA WASTE: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTIN ASIA TABLE OF CONTENTS Recommendations and Conclusions ......................................... 1 1. Introduction ......................................... 3 2. Waste Characterization .... 4....................................4 2.1 Waste Generation Rates ......................................... 4 2.2 Waste Composition ........................................ 6 2.3 Waste Trends ......................................... 7 3.0 Consumer Societies ......................................... 11 4.0 Business Involvement in Waste Management ......................................... 12 4.1 Increased Partnerships ......................................... 12 4.2 Extended product responsibility ......................................... 12 4.3 Environmental Labelling ...................... 14 4.4 Waste exchanges ...................... 14 4.5 Pulp and Paper ...................... 14 5.0 Environmental and Health Impacts of Improper Solid Waste Management ............................... 15 6.0 Integrated Solid Waste Management .................................................................. 16 6.1 Solid Waste Management Costs ................................................................... 17 7.0 Solid Waste Management Common Values ......................... .......................................... 22 References ................................................................... 27 Waste Generation and Composition References ........................... ........................... ........... 30 Annex 1: Solid Waste Data .................................................................. 33 Annex 2: Waste Generation Rates ................................................................... 35 This paper was prepared by Daniel Hoornweg, researched by Laura Thomas and overseen by Keshav Varma (EASUR). Information and comments were supplied by many World Bank and UNDP staff, particularly George N. Plant, L. Panneer Selvam, and Richard W. Pollard, and Carl Bartone of the Transport, Water, and Urban Development Department. Melissa Fossberg, Gabriela Boyer, Beth Rabinowitz, and Laura Lewis edited and prepared the paper. WHAT A WASTE: Solid Waste Management in Asia RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS * Solid waste data is largely unreliable. This report contains one of the most comprehensive compilations of municipal solid waste data in Asia; yet, due to inconsistencies in data recording, definitions, collectionmethods, and seasonal variations, the data can only be considered approximate, albeit more accurate than most. For planning purposes, however, the data presented in this report should be sufficient. * The urban areas of Asia now spend about US$25billion on solid waste management per year; this figure will increase to at least US$50 billion in 2025. Today's daily waste generation rate is about 760,000tonnes. By 2025, this rate will be increased to about 1.8 million tonnes per day * Japan spends about ten times more for waste disposal than collection costs (mostly incineration costs). Total waste management costs in low income countries are usually more than 80 percent for collection costs. Lower cost landfilling is usually a more practical waste disposal option than incineration. THE URBANAREAS e Municipal governments are usually the responsible agency for solid waste OF ASIA NOW SPEND collection and disposal, but the magnitude of the problem is well beyond ABOUTUS$25 the ability of any municipal government. They need help. In addition to other levels of government, businesses and the general community need to BILLIONON SOLID be more involved in waste management. WASTE MANAGEMENT e Generally, solid waste planners place too much emphasis on residential PER YEAR;THIS waste; this waste represents only about 30 percent of the overall municipal FIGUREWILL waste stream but often receives the lion's share of attention. INCREASE TO ABOUT • The waste components requiring priority attention in Asia are organics and paper. US$47 BILLION IN * Indonesia and the Philippines as well as parts of China and India are the 2025. Asian countries facing the greatest waste management challenge, basecdon projected waste generation rates and relative affluence to deal with the problem. * In terms of waste management trends, no region of the world faces a greater need to break the inextricable link between waste generation rates and affluence than Asia. For example, if Asia followvslife style trends of the US and Canada (as Hong Kong already seems to be doing) versus the more typical European urban resident, the world would need to supply about 500 million tonnes more resources in 2025. * Asia should pursue regional approaches to many solid waste management problems, e.g., packaging regulations and import/export rules. * Urban residents generate two to three times more solid waste than their fellow rural citizens. * Municipalities should charge for waste disposal, and possibly collection,based on generation rates. * Industrialized countries contain 16 percent of the world's population but use about 75 percent of the world's paper supply. Residents of India, Indonesia, and China, for example, are aspiring to be as affluent as more industrialized nations. This would require a doubling of the world's current level of paper production. PageI WHATA WASTE: