UNDERAGE DRINKING Intervention Principles and Practice Guidelines for Community Correction Author: Ann H. Crowe With Tracy G. Mullins Kimberly A. Cobb Nathan C. Lowe 2011 The research for this document was supported under cooperative agreement award 2007-AH-FX-K003 from the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice awarded to the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation. This document was prepared by The Council of State Governments/ American Probation and Parole Association. The points of view or opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice or other funding agencies. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................................................................1 SECTION I: SETTING THE STAGE: THE PROBLEM OF UNDERAGE DRINKING ......................................................................5 Effects of Underage Drinking .................................................................................................................................................... 5 Health and Safety Consequences of Underage Drinking ................................................................................................... 6 Driving While Impaired .............................................................................................................................................. 6 Other Accidental Injuries and Deaths ........................................................................................................................ 6 Homicides, Suicides, and Other Violence ................................................................................................................... 7 Risky Sexual Behavior ................................................................................................................................................. 7 Other Health Problems .............................................................................................................................................. 8 The Effects of Alcohol on Adolescent Brain Development ......................................................................................... 8 Alcohol and Other Drugs of Abuse ............................................................................................................................. 9 Social and Emotional Consequences of Underage Drinking ............................................................................................ 10 Academic Consequences of Underage Drinking .............................................................................................................. 10 Family Consequences of Underage Drinking ................................................................................................................... 10 Economic Consequences of Underage Drinking .............................................................................................................. 10 Factors Contributing to Underage Drinking ............................................................................................................................ 11 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................................................. 11 SECTION II: LEGAL ISSUES RELATED TO UNDERAGE DRINKING .......................................................................................12 Underage Drinking Laws ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 State Laws ....................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Local Laws and Ordinances ............................................................................................................................................. 13 Possible Sanctions ........................................................................................................................................................... 13 Rights and Privileges of Underage Drinkers ............................................................................................................................ 13 Other Legal Issues to Consider ............................................................................................................................................... 14 Confidentiality ................................................................................................................................................................. 14 Searches .......................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Legal Liability Issues ........................................................................................................................................................ 16 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................................................. 17 SECTION III: ASSUMPTIONS AND PRINCIPLES FOR COMMUNITY SUPERVISION OF UNDERAGE DRINKING .....................18 Assumptions for Interventions with Underage Drinking Offenders ....................................................................................... 18 Principles of Community Supervision of Underage Drinking Offenders ................................................................................. 20 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................................................. 25 SECTION IV: CONTEXT FOR RESPONDING TO UNDERAGE DRINKING ..............................................................................26 Laying the Groundwork: Understanding the Community ...................................................................................................... 26 Dealing with Offenders: Decision Options ............................................................................................................................. 27 Standards of Evidence-Based Practice .................................................................................................................................... 30 Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................................................. 30 TABLE OF CONTENTS, CONTINUED SECTION V: PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR RESPONDING TO UNDERAGE DRINKING OFFENDERS ........................................32 Practice Guideline 1: Conduct initial screening for alcohol problems at the first and subsequent contacts between underage drinkers and the justice system. ............................................................................................................................................. 35 Practice Guideline 2: Assess the risk and needs of youth. ..................................................................................................... 39 Practice Guideline 3: Assess for Strengths and Assets........................................................................................................... 43 Practice Guideline 4: Assess for substance abuse problems. ................................................................................................. 47 Practice Guideline 5: Determine the most appropriate system-level response and individual-level intervention(s) and develop an individualized case plan. ...................................................................................................................................... 50 System-Level Response ................................................................................................................................................... 50 System Level Responses for College Students .......................................................................................................... 51 Individual-Level Interventions ......................................................................................................................................... 52 Effectiveness of Promising Approaches ........................................................................................................................... 52 Promising Prevention Programs at the Community Level ........................................................................................ 53 Promising Interventions for Offenders ..................................................................................................................... 53 Ineffective Approaches ............................................................................................................................................. 55 Case Planning .................................................................................................................................................................. 57 Focus on Resiliency 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