Review of biocompatibility behavior of bioglass as promising material in biomedical industry Revisión del comportamiento biocompatible de biovidrio como material promisorio en la industria biomédica Received: 15- 05 - 2015 Acepted: 16-09-2015 Abstract Alexis Mina Cordoba1 Ana Carolina Lemos Delgado2 This article aims to show how the bioglass has been important in the development of biomedical sciences from its applicability and versatility in its multiple uses. This review aims to show how through interdisciplinary research it has designed different processes for obtaining materials from bioactive glasses. First, we will discuss the 1 C o lo m b i a n, Material Engineer, Tecnomecanica ASTIN SENA Regional Valle, importance of development of biomedical devices focused Colombia. e-mail: [email protected]. in bioglass as precursor material and its impact on society today. Subsequently, relevance and importance of the 2 Colombian, Biologist, student and surface modification as mechanism to improve working. master in biotechnology, Tecno - academia node Cali, Centro ASTIN SENA Regional Valle, Colombia. e-mail: alemosd@ Conditions and functionality of biomedical devices sena.edu.co. the collection of bioglass coatings by different methods will be discussed. Finally, the authors propose vacuum evaporation method as a possible technique for to obtaining bioglass coatings, as an alternative for the difficulties encountered by other deposition methods. Keywords: Bioglass; Biocompatibility; Biomaterials; Ceramic materials; Bioactivity. Introduction The term biomaterial was initially taken to describe a material that could be utilized to replace sick or damaged tissues in a living, (Williams, 1987); however the inter-behavioral work has made the definition wider; in this sense, the biomaterials can be considered as products suitable to be utilized in human beings with the purpose of treating or relieving deceases, injuries or well for substitution or modification of its anatomy or of a physiological (Enderle, 2005; Souto et al., 2003); this is why there have been developed so many materials that can supply the physical, chemical and biological requirements for a perfect functioning that guarantee the best result (Geringer et al., 2013; García et al., 2004). 175 Informador Técnico (Colombia) 79(2): 175 -182 July - December 2015 In the field of the biomaterials a primal classification Bioglass as application in the replacement can be done by the nature of the material: Biometals, of bone tissue biopolymers, ceramics; although their differences, their main property is that they don’t produce toxic wastes in The traumas and diseases associated to ageing, the interaction with the organism.(Liu et al., 2010; Lang produce decreasing in the properties of bone tissue; this is et al., 2008); however in the case of the metals is possible makes necessary the use of biomedic materials to replace that they present problems such as corrosion, fatigue, wear and repair said tissues (Enderle, 2005). In the case of bone and combinations; in the case of polymers the chemical tissue, the decreasing in the bone density starting at the degradation in applications of prolonged use and the wear 30 years of age can be translated in a reduction of its under mechanical conditions are high impact factors at mechanical resistance up to 40%, however in women could the selection and device design time with these materials. be even higher. The Figure 2 shows the effect of the age (Vijayalakshmi et al., 2012; Tiwari et al., 2007). in the mechanical resistance of the bone and the fracture. (Hench, 1991). The ceramic materials have been widely research for the use of implantable devices and the development of physiologic functions (Guo et al., 2004; Lee et al., 2010) Due to the high textural alike of the tissue with the conventional ceramic materials, the bioceramic have been deeply studied in oral surgery, orthopedic surgery medium ear surgery and in the coating of dental implants and joints since these materials can be classified as bioinert, bioactives and resorbable, depending in their interaction with the tissue or contact method. (Castleman et al., 1976). Whatever the biomedical application or the collection of the bioglass, its research has generated high impact in society, increasing life span; actually, it has been studied the increasing of the life span in US and UE during the XX century (National Research Council, 1997; FDA, 1995). La Figure 2. Effect of age in the mechanical resistance Figure 1 represents a comparison in the increasing of life of the bone span between US and UE during the XX century. Source: Hench, 1991. The glasses are ceramic materials produced from the fusion and cooling of a rigid condition without crystallization of inorganic materials at high temperatures, this is why these materials are constituted by close range random structures (De aza et al., 2013; Hench et al., 2013). The bioactive materials are those that are in the capacity to establish a strong link with the bone tissue; wake a great interest with sights in its application in the biomedic industry in implantation for substitution and reparation of bone tissue (Ng, et al., 2005; Donald et al., 2011). These bioactive materials have been researched as scaffolds that allow the formation of bone tissue and through a link between the bone and the scaffold in hydroxyapatite, the main formative bone mineral (Hench et al., 1984; Hench, 1998). Other studies have demonstrated that these osteoconductive and osteoinductive also are companied with a good mechanical behavior Figure 1. Increasing in life span in US and EU during that surpasses the one reached by the scaffolds of the the XX century. Source: National Research Council, 1997. polymeric type (Fu et al., 2007a; Lockyer et al., 1995). Some 176 Mina; Lemos. Review of biocompatibility behavior of bioglass as promising material in biomedical industry researchers have don studies in glasses in form of particles and biocompatibility, in this last branch are presented and fibers to obtain proximal results and the formation of the branches like osseointegration, cellular proliferation, pre-osteoblatic cells that show a growth in these cells and a among other (Ratner et al., 2003). proportional increase of the bioactive character as function of the bioglass in. (Brown et al.,2007; Fu et al., 2007b). For the majority of the clinical appliances is required to withstand charges; taking in account this principle Biocompatibility and biomimetic osteogenesis metallic implants are used with different metallic alloys. scaffolds, collagenous phosphatidylserine with Although it presents high mechanic resistance, it also applications in tissue engineering, though in-vivo and present difficulties such as the value difference of the elastic in-vitro it was revealed that said scaffolds had a good module between the alloy and the bone, corrosion due to radiographic and histologic answer evidencing an body fluids and the impossibility to regenerate bone in a excellent behavior osteogenic and osteoconductive. (Xu et natural manner due to the formation of a fibrous capsule al., 2011). in the interface metal bone product of the organism before the metal (Vossen, 1980). Another found use for this biocompatible ceramic inside in its wide specter of possible utilities have been The surficial modifications are divided in two the using as with the ones we have obtained changes categories; the first one is the chemical or physical in different properties in some materials that have been alteration of the atoms, compounds or molecules in reinforced with bioglass. Habide et al. (2009) studied the the existing surface (treatments, mechanical abrasion, effect of the addition of bioactive glass in bioceramics chemical modification), and the second one is the covering composed of yttria and zirconia; in this research it has been of an existing coverage with a material of different nature; determined that there was a decrease in the cytotoxicity, in this branch can be counted with the stool of thin films, but also in the hardness and resistance to the fracture. the use of grafts and the use of ticker coverings. (Abella, A study was done in addition of the 45S5 bioglass to 2003). The grown films about the substrate can modify the hydroxyapatite with the goal to improve the proliferation mechanical and functional properties of the material, that’s and transformation apatite of the osteoblasts; in this project why the thickness must be taken in account, the very thick two compounds were synthesized and different studies at coverings are victims of delamination (Abe et al., 1990). cellular level were done to measure the influence of the glass in the matrix’s structure of hydroxyapatite obtaining Due to that the superficial characteristics of an implant a substantial improve in the properties of biocompatibility are very important during the first stages of the biological on other hand the compound in relation to the behavior response just like are decisive in relation to the course of of the hydroxyapatite..(Demirkiran et al., 2010; Shirtliff et posterior reactions and the final cell/tissues in the interface al., 2013). (Spencer et al., 1998). The superficial modification of the orthopedic devices and implantable has been developed With the goal to know the mechanical properties of with the goal to grant and potentiate on or various answer the hydroxyapatite Guo et al. (2004), described a process properties; the Chart 1 shows the type of modifications in in which the mechanical properties of the hydroxyapatite function of the place and the device. (Vörös et al., 2001). compounds with AISI 316L steel fibers and an analogous compound of 45S5 bioglass with fibers of the same steel, The bioglasses have been widely studied in the area the authors didn’t find better substantial improvements of coverings, with the goal to improve the bioactivity between the one and the other material apart from a conditions in the substrate, like every bioactive material slight increase in the bending resistance from the bioglass in contact with the bone is characterized by a modification compound.