Project Documents The transport of natural resources from Latin America and the Caribbean to Asia-Pacific United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) This document has been prepared by Division of Transport from the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) as part of the activities carried out under the project ECLAC/UNDA “Logistics integration for a more sustainable exploitation of natural resources in Latin America and the Caribbean” (SB-001324). The views expressed in this document, which has been reproduced without formal editing, are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization. Publicación de las Naciones Unidas LC/TS.2018/xx Distribución: Limitada Copyright © Naciones Unidas, marzo de 2018. Todos los derechos reservados Impreso en Naciones Unidas, Santiago S.17-xxxxx La autorización para reproducir total o parcialmente esta obra debe solicitarse a la Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), División de Publicaciones y Servicios Web, [email protected]. Los Estados Miembros de las Naciones Unidas y sus instituciones gubernamentales pueden reproducir esta obra sin autorización previa. Solo se les solicita que mencionen la fuente e informen a la CEPAL de tal reproducción. ECLAC The transport of natural resources… Contents Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 7 I. Background .............................................................................................................................. 9 II. Exports of natural resources from Latin America to Asia-Pacific........................................... 13 A. Crude oil and natural gas ............................................................................................... 14 B. Metal ore ........................................................................................................................ 17 C. Coal ................................................................................................................................ 19 D. Summary ........................................................................................................................ 20 III. An overview of natural resources transportation from Latin America and the Caribbean to Asia-Pacific.......................................................................................... 23 A. Shipping route map ........................................................................................................ 23 B. Operation process of a bulk shipment ............................................................................ 28 C. Ports ............................................................................................................................... 29 D. Ships and freight market ................................................................................................ 30 E. Value added services ..................................................................................................... 31 1. Oil and gas industry ................................................................................................ 31 F. Inland transport of natural resources ............................................................................. 34 IV. Case Studies of natural resources logistics chains in Asia and the Pacific ........................... 35 A. The case of China .......................................................................................................... 35 1. Crude oil ................................................................................................................. 39 B. The case of India ............................................................................................................ 44 C. Japan .............................................................................................................................. 53 D. The case of the Republic of Korea ................................................................................. 56 E. Summary ........................................................................................................................ 59 1. Import and export ................................................................................................... 59 2. Logistics chain in importing countries ..................................................................... 60 3. Carrier strategy ....................................................................................................... 61 4. The strategy of buyers and shippers ...................................................................... 63 V. Best Practices for Transportation of Natural Resources from LAC to Asia-Pacific ............... 65 A. Practice initiated by shipper ........................................................................................... 65 B. Practice initiated by buyer .............................................................................................. 69 3 ECLAC The transport of natural resources… C. Practice initiated by carrier ............................................................................................. 71 D. Summary ........................................................................................................................ 72 E. Strategic Level ................................................................................................................ 73 F. Operational Level ........................................................................................................... 77 G. Technological and infrastructure level............................................................................ 78 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 79 References .................................................................................................................................... 83 Tables Table 1 Import of natural resources by China, India, Japan and the Republic of Korea, 2014 ..................................................................................................... 10 Table 2 Share of natural resources in the exports of major Latin American countries, 2014 .................................................................................................... 11 Table 3 LAC exports share of selected countries, 1991 and 2014 ................................... 13 Table 4 Trade of main natural resources from LAC to Asia-Pacific, 2014 ........................ 14 Table 5 Crude oil import volume of Asia-Pacific countries from LAC, 2014 ..................... 15 Table 6 Natural gas imports volume of Asia-Pacific countries from LAC, 2014 ............... 16 Table 7 Volumes of iron ore imported by Asia-Pacific countries from LAC, 2014 ............ 18 Table 8 Volumes of copper ore imported by Asia-Pacific countries from LAC, 2014 ....... 19 Table 9 Coal imports volume of Asia-Pacific countries from LAC, 2014 .......................... 20 Table 10 Demand for natural resource of Asia-Pacific countries from LAC, 2014 ............. 21 Table 11 Distances between LAC and Asia-Pacific ports via different routes, in nautical mile ..................................................................................................... 25 Table 12 The shortest routes between LAC and Asia-Pacific ports ................................... 26 Table 13 The estimation of crude oil and copper ore shipped from LAC to Asia-Pacific through different routes (2014) ................................................... 27 Table 14 The advantages and disadvantages of each charter type ................................... 28 Table 15 Ranks of bulk ports in China, Republic of Korea, Japan and India ..................... 30 Table 16 Example of value creation of oil industry ............................................................. 33 Table 17 Major steel manufacturers with their year of founding ......................................... 37 Table 18 The major oil terminals and their corresponding operators ................................. 40 Table 19 The current and future refining capacity in Ningbo-Zhoushan region ................. 40 Table 20 Transshipment volume of crude oil at Ningbo Port .............................................. 42 Table 21 Liquid storage facilities around Kandla Complex ................................................. 48 Table 22 Liquid storage facilities around Kandla Complex ................................................. 48 Table 23 Crude oil imported from overseas through Kandla Port in 2015.......................... 49 Table 24 Oil product exports (overseas) through Kandla Port in 2015 by Essar Oil .......... 50 Table 25 Oil products transport from Kandla Port to other Indian ports in 2015-2016 by Essar Oil ............................................................................................................... 51 Table 26 Imports of iron ore ................................................................................................ 53 Table 27 Annual throughputs of iron ore in