INNOVATE INDONESIA UNLOCKING GROWTH THROUGH TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION MARCH SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION SECTION Innovate Indonesia Unlocking Growth Through Technological Transformation New technologies present governments with opportunities and challenges in a range of key policy areas such as employment, competitiveness, equity, and sustainability. A consensus is that the national The critical role of An in-depth understanding government can play an important role in stimulating innovation. This report explores policy options to A multidisciplinary study technology transformation of technology and Indonesia’s position in the A “deep dive” into facilitate Indonesia’s technological transformation and unlock its economic growth potential. integrating evidence in boosting Indonesia’s sector-specifi c opportunities technological transformation Industry 4.0 in Five pillars for and expertise… economic development and challenges journey Indonesia policy action About the Asian Development Bank ADB is committed to achieving a prosperous¥ inclusive¥ resilient¥ and sustainable Asia and the Pacifi c¥ Economic analysis, Variety of technologies The government has taken important Photonics steps to support technology while sustaining its e orts to eradicate extreme poverty¦ Established in §¨©©¥ it is owned by ©ª members review of previous • • Bio transformation, including: Advanced —¬¨ from the region¦ Its main instruments for helping its developing member countries are policy dialogue¥ studies and guidance from academic • Nano • New fi scal incentives (superdeductions innovation Advanced materials loans¥ equity investments¥ guarantees¥ grants¥ and technical assistance¦ frameworks • for vocational training and R&D, tax infrastructure and • ICT technologies (e.g., big data, IOT, AI) holidays, and investment allowances) institutions • Advanced production technologies • Large investments in digital Indonesia’s (e.g., 3D printing) infrastructure • Other • Making Indonesia 4.0 Opportunities identifi ed: • Economic policy package on technological Indonesia’s economy could gain Variety of sector-specifi c applications e-commerce • In food and beverage, customized $2.8 trillion by 2040 through Three surveys • Energy • New funding mechanisms to support healthy food and beverage technology adoption (adding involving more than • Finance public research products, digital tools to reduce Awareness of the transformation 1,200 fi rms in Indonesia 0.55 percentage points to GDP growth • Commerce material waste, and digital platforms business value of annually from 2020 and 2040) • Manufacturing to integrate sales channels new technologies Agriculture Indonesia’s innovation system is, and economic • • In automotive, electric, hybrid, • Other however, still in an early stage of development and autonomous vehicles; AI for growth Crosscutting themes: • Comparatively low R&D expenditure decision-making in production Gender equality, labor market, regional • Limited contribution of the business processes; quality control and Thirteen background development, urban planning sector to innovation and R&D predictive maintenance; and technical papers Technology and innovation have • Comparatively low number of patent the use of big data for quality Technology transfer INNOVATE developed by national and historically been key drivers of structural New opportunities, including: applications verifi cation and traceability and technical change and economic growth • Relatively low education attainment international experts • In energy, positive spillover e ects on • In textiles and clothing, new support for fi rms the environment and economic activity levels • Perceived regulatory barriers to private products with digital features through the use of electric motorcycles such as heartrate and distance and microgeneration investment • Limited technological expertise to monitoring, e-commerce platforms; • In fi ntech, improved fi nancial inclusion and SMEs access to fi nance through support corporate innovation and virtual 3D modeling for INDONESIA Five focus group peer-to-peer payment and lending, and optimization of industrial processes Low-cost plug-and- Constraints on Indonesia’s growth discussions involving equity crowdfunding Key national strengths: • In electronics, automatic domestic play technology potential: over 50 local organizations • In e-commerce, improved fi rms’ market • National policy increasingly emphasizes lighting products; security and solutions for UNLOCKING GROWTH THROUGH from academia, industry, • Slowing growth of the labor force science and technology access (and increased sales and profi ts) energy-e ciency systems, Indonesian fi rms and government • Limited productivity growth through the use of online e-commerce • Emerging technology start-up health-care mobile applications; • Lower manufacturing growth rates platforms ecosystem hosting three unicorns and and real-time data for smart one decacorn TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION • In manufacturing, productivity gains agriculture through the use of digitally enabled • Indonesia is developing a critical mass factory solutions of STEM graduates: the country is • In footwear, “smart products” • In urban planning, socioeconomic projected to be the 4th largest producer such as shoes with automatic size MARCH of STEM graduates in the G20 by 2030 adjustment, and e-commerce Review of international development and regional disparities • Expanding middle class A tech-savvy policy initiatives from narrowed by expanding existing platforms for direct communication • Young population workforce around the world investments in digital infrastructure with suppliers and customers To Which As well as Complemented Leading To ISBN 978-92-9262-039-4 by sectoral assess... requires... assessing... studies such as… to... unlock... ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK ¡ ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City ¢££¤ Metro Manila, Philippines 3D = three dimensional, AI = artifi cial intelligence, G20 = Group of 20, GDP = gross domestic product, ICT = information and communication technology, IOT = internet of things, R&D = research and development, SME = small and medium-sized enterprises, STEM = science, technology, engineering and mathematics. www.adb.org INNOVATE INDONESIA UNLOCKING GROWTH THROUGH TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFORMATION MARCH 2020 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2020 Asian Development Bank 6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Tel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444 www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2020. ISBN 978-92-9262-039-4 (print); 978-92-9262-040-0 (electronic); 978-92-9262-041-7 (ebook) Publication Stock No. SGP200085-2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/SGP200085-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. 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CONTEnts TABLes, FIGURes, and BOXES v FOREWORD by the Minister of Finance, Republic of Indonesia viii FOREWORD by the President, Asian Development Bank x AckNOWLEDGMENTS xii ABBREVIATIONS xv EXECUTIVE SummARY xvi INTRODUCTION 1 1 The Critical Role of Technological Transformation 3 in Boosting Indonesia’s Economic Development 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Constraints on Indonesia’s Growth Potential 4 1.3 The Role of Technological Transformation in Economic Development 6 1.4 Potential Impact of New Technologies: International Evidence 8 1.5 Estimating the Potential Impact of New Technologies on Indonesia’s Development 8 1.6 Conclusions 12 2 Technology and Sector-Specific Opportunities and Challenges for Indonesia 13 2.1 Introduction 14 2.2 Diversity