CONSTRUCTION OF THE SUNPATH DIAGRAMS FOR PEKAN AREA FOR SIMULATING THE SOLAR RADIATION EFFECTS TO A BUILDING SYAMIMI SOLIHA BINTI MOHD Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical Engineering UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA PAHANG JUNE 2013 vii ABSTRACT This thesis deals with the sun is a valuable source that provided to the earth because the sun produce renewable energy and do not pollute the surroundings. However, the sun can create the problem to the population of the earth. Extreme heat produced by the sun radiate directly to the building and may cause lower energy efficiency. This study concentrates on the solar geometry and constructing of sunpath diagram for Pekan Area by simulating the solar radiation that the effect of a building. Pekan, Pahang is taken as my reference location at a latitude 3o 29‟ North for construct sunpath diagram. There are parameters used for constructing a diagram which is the latitude of the object, declination angle, altitude angle, azimuth angle and hour angle. The sunpath diagram is a way of representing annual changes in the path of the sun through the sky on a single 2D diagram. Based on the sunpath diagram of Pekan Area, shows the altitude angle is highest at the 21st of March in the northern hemisphere, it is also same for September, 21st at southern hemisphere. It is because the sun is directly in line with the equator, it is called as the equinox, where the declination angle for equinox is equal to zero. The equinox occurs when the sun crosses the equator in which day and night are of the same length. Different for in June, 21st and December 21st is a minimum altitude angle at northern and southern hemisphere. The declination angle for both months is the maximum and minimum 23.45o . Summer solstice occurs when northern hemisphere gets more daylight longer than a night, meanwhile winter solstice occurs when southern hemisphere gets more night time rather than daytime. There are many applications for sunpath diagram can be used by architect or engineers. For the example, they can use the sunpath diagram to calculate the solar radiation that radiates the building and how to control. Hence, the sunpath diagram can be used to find the best position for Solar Photovoltaic Cell and Solar Panel, window shading and water solar heating system. viii ABSTRAK Thesis ini membentangkan tentang matahari mengeluarkan sumber yang berguna kepada bumi kerana matahari mengeluarkan tenaga yng boleh diperbaharui dan tidak mencemarkan keadaan sekeliling.Walau bagaimanapun, matahari juga boleh memberi masalah kepada penduduk di bumi. Haba yang berlebihan yang terhasil daripada matahari boleh memancarkan terus ke bangunan dan menyebabkan kecekapan tenaga yang lebih rendah. Mengambil Pekan sebagai rujukan utama tempat iaitu latitud 3o 29‟ untuk membentuk kedudukan matahari dari terbit hingga terbenamnya matahari, setiap 21 haribulan dalam satu tahun. Kedudukan matahari ditentukan dengan mengetahui pengetahuan tentang geometri suria dan sudut suria. Ada beberapa asas parameter yang digunakan untuk membentuk kedudukan matahari iaitu latitud sesuatu objek, sudut cerun, sudut ketinggian matahari, sudut azimuth dan sudut jam. Parameter tersebut digunakan untuk membentuk gambar rajah posisi matahari. Berdasarkan gambar rajah kedudukan matahari di Pekan, Pahang menunjukkan sudut ketinggian matahri paling tinggi adalah pada bulan Mac, 21 haribulan dalam hemisfera utara, begitu juga pada bulan September, 21 haribulan dalam hemisfera selatan. Ini kerana, matahari berada di kedudukan sama garis dengan khatulistiwa ataupun ekuinoks dan sudut kecerunannya adalah kosong. Ekuinoks terjadi apabila cahaya matahari sama lurus apabila melintasi khatulistiwa, menyebabkan bumi mengalami kejadian siang malam dalam waktu yang sama lama. Berbeza pula dengan bulan Jun, 21 haribulan dan bulan Disember, 21 haribulan kerana kedua-dua bulan tersebut menunjukkan sudut ketinggian matahri yang paling rendah dalam hemisfera utara dan juga selatan. Sudut kecerunan matahari adalah maksimum 23.45o dan juga minimum 23.45o. Pada Solstis musim panas, bumi mengalami siang lebih lama kerana hemisfera utara bumi mendapat lebih cahaya matahari manakala pada solstis musim sejuk, hemisfera selatan bumi mengalami malam lebih lama. Terdapat banyak kegunaan gambar rajah kedudukan matahari yang boleh digunakan oleh arkitek mahupun jurutera.Contohnya, mereka menggunakan kedudukan matahari untuk mengira bilangan radiasi yang menembusi bangunan dan cara mengawalnya.Selain itu, mereka mengunakan gambar rajah kedudukan matahari untuk mencari posisi terbaik untuk memasang Tenaga Suria Fotovolta dan Suria Panel, teduhan tingkap dan juga Tenaga Suria sistem pemanas air ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES EXAMINER’S DECLARATION ii SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION iii STUDENT’S DECLARATION iv DEDICATION v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi ABSTRACT vii ABSTRAK viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ix LIST OF TABLES xii LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Background 1 1.3 Problem statement 3 1.4 Objectives 4 1.5 Scope 4 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Energy efficiency 6 2.3 Climate 7 2.4 Solar energy 7 2.5 Solar geometry 8 x 2.5.1 Rotation 8 2.5.2 Revolution 9 2.5.3 Equinox 10 2.5.4 Solstice 11 2.5.5 Seasons 12 2.6 Sunpath 13 2.6.1 Latitude and longitude 14 2.6.2 Altiude angle and Azimuth angle 14 2.6.3 Declination angle 16 2.6.4 Time 18 2.7 Solar Radiation 18 CHAPTER 3 PROJECT METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Flow chart 20 3.3 The coding of C++ Programming 21 3.3.1 The equation that will used in C++ programming 21 3.4 Calculate and Tabulate the Data 22 3.5 Method of the Sunpath Diagram 22 3.6 Procedure 22 3.7 Tabulate Data on the Table given 27 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Introduction 32 4.2 Analysis Data for Sunpath Diagram 32 4.2.1 Sunpath Diagram for Pekan Latitude 33 4.2.2 Sunpath Difference for Different Latitude 36 4.3 Application of Sunpath 37 4.3.1 Solar Radiation effects to a building 38 4.3.2 Photovoltaic Cell or Solar Collector 43 xi 4.3.3 Best Installation of Solar Energy 45 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 5.1 Introduction 46 5.2 Conclusion 46 5.3 Recommendation 47 REFERENCES 49 APPENDIXES A 50 B 52 C 70 xii LIST OF TABLES Figure No. Title Page 2.1 Different angle of the sun 9 2.2 Earth‟s elliptical orbit around the sun 10 2.3 Tilt angle of Equinox plane 11 2.4 Tilt angle of Summer Solstice plane 12 2.5 Tilt angle of Winter Solstice plane 12 2.6 Tilt angle of Solstice plane 12 2.7 Tilt of the earth 13 2.8 Path of the sun in a location 15 2.9 Tropic and northern hemisphere 16 2.10 Variation of declination angle with nth day of the year 17 3.1 Coding C++ programming 21 3.2 The hour angle between local solar time in northern hemisphere 24 3.3 Definition of altitude angle and azimuth angle 29 3.4 The hour angle 30 4.1 The sunpath diagram for Pekan area in a year 33 4.2 The sunpath diagram at northern hemisphere 34 4.3 The sunpath diagram at southern hemisphere 35 4.4 The sunpath diagram with different location and angle 36 4.5 Calculation of incident solar angle for vertical surfaces 39 4.6 An arbitrarily oriented surface with tilt angle 40 4.7 Geometry of south facing solar collector 43 4.8 Solar panel at Pekan Campus 44 xiii LIST OF TABLE Table No. Title Page 3.1 Declination angle for each 21st month of a year 25 3.2 Result of 21st June 2013 28 4.1 Locations and Latitudes for three cities 37 xiv LIST OF SYMBOLS β Altitude angle γ Azimuth angle δ Declination angle IDN Direct radiation 퓱 Hour angle 퓵 Latitude 휉 Incident angle ɵ Surface azimuth angle ρ Reflectivity Ʃ Tilt angle n Total number of days of the year It Total irradiation Fws View factor α Wall solar azimuth angle Ψ Zenith angle xv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AST Apparent Solar Time DST Daylight Saving Time FKM Faculty of Mechanical Engineering GMT Greenwich Mean Time LST Local Standard Time UMP Universiti Malaysia Pahang ST Solar Time PV Photovoltaics 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 INTRODUCTION The sun is closely related to the earth. It not only provides light to the earth, it gives life to the earth. The sun is the brightest star in the Earth‟s solar system. And not only does the sun gives us light, but is also a valuable source of heat energy. The sun can be considered as the life giver to living things on this earth, because without the sun, many living thing organism would not exist and survive. However, the sun will also create problems for humans. For example, extreme heat produced by the sun may radiate directly into buildings and may cause lower energy efficiency. The earth rotates every 24 hours, and while it rotates give effect on night a day, it also revolves around the sun making one complete revolution in 365 days. There two movements follow a precise characteristics and geometry called the solar geometry, then giving rise to varying solar radiation which changes gradually. The movement of the sun relative to the earth therefore follows precise paths called sun paths and they can be plotted on a diagram called sun path diagram. 1.2 BACKGROUND The earth rotates about on a fixed plane that is tilted 23.5o with respect to its orbital plane around the sun. The earth needs 365 days to complete one year per rotation around the sun and the earth also needs 24 hours to complete one true rotation or one day around the sun.