The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry ISSN: 1562-2975 (Print) 1814-1412 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/iwbp20 Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD: A consensus statement. Part II: Neurochemistry, neurophysiology and neurocognition Borwin Bandelow, David Baldwin, Marianna Abelli, Blanca Bolea-Alamanac, Michel Bourin, Samuel R. Chamberlain, Eduardo Cinosi, Simon Davies, Katharina Domschke, Naomi Fineberg, Edna Grünblatt, Marek Jarema, Yong-Ku Kim, Eduard Maron, Vasileios Masdrakis, Olya Mikova, David Nutt, Stefano Pallanti, Stefano Pini, Andreas Ströhle, Florence Thibaut, Matilde M. Vaghi, Eunsoo Won, Dirk Wedekind, Adam Wichniak, Jade Woolley, Peter Zwanzger & Peter Riederer To cite this article: Borwin Bandelow, David Baldwin, Marianna Abelli, Blanca Bolea-Alamanac, Michel Bourin, Samuel R. Chamberlain, Eduardo Cinosi, Simon Davies, Katharina Domschke, Naomi Fineberg, Edna Grünblatt, Marek Jarema, Yong-Ku Kim, Eduard Maron, Vasileios Masdrakis, Olya Mikova, David Nutt, Stefano Pallanti, Stefano Pini, Andreas Ströhle, Florence Thibaut, Matilde M. Vaghi, Eunsoo Won, Dirk Wedekind, Adam Wichniak, Jade Woolley, Peter Zwanzger & Peter Riederer (2016): Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD: A consensus statement. Part II: Neurochemistry, neurophysiology and neurocognition, The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1190867 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2016.1190867 Published online: 15 Jul 2016. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 10 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 1 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=iwbp20 Download by: [Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen], [Borwin Bandelow] Date: 18 July 2016, At: 05:52 THE WORLD JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY, 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15622975.2016.1190867 WFSBP CONSENSUS PAPER Biological markers for anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD: A consensus statement. Part II: Neurochemistry, neurophysiology and neurocognition Borwin Bandelowa , David Baldwinb, Marianna Abellic , Blanca Bolea-Alamanaci, Michel Bourine , Samuel R. Chamberlainf,g , Eduardo Cinosih , Simon Daviesd,i, Katharina Domschkej, Naomi Finebergf , Edna Grunblatt€ j,k,l,m , Marek Jareman , Yong-Ku Kimo , Eduard Maronp,q,t, Vasileios Masdrakisr , Olya Mikovas, David Nuttt , Stefano Pallantiu , Stefano Pinic , Andreas Strohle€ v, Florence Thibautw , Matilde M. Vaghix , Eunsoo Wono , Dirk Wedekinda, Adam Wichniakn, Jade Woolleyb, Peter Zwanzgery,z and Peter Riedererj aDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of G€ottingen, Germany; bFaculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; cDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy; dCentre for Addiction and Mental Health, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; eNeurobiology of Anxiety and Mood Disorders, University of Nantes, Nantes, France; fHertfordshire Partnership University NHS Foundation Trust and University of Hertfordshire, Parkway, UK; gDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; hDepartment of Neuroscience Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele D’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy; iSchool of Social and Community Medicine, Academic Unit of Psychiatry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; jDepartment of Psychiatry Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; kDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; lNeuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and the ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; mZurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; nThird Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warszawa, Poland; oDepartment of Psychiatry College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; pDepartment of Psychiatry, North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia; qDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Tartu, Estonia; rAthens University Medical School, First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece; sFoundation Biological Psychiatry, Sofia, Bulgaria; tFaculty of Medicine Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuropsychopharmacology, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK; uUC Davis Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Sacramento, CA, USA; vDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charite Mitte, Charite – University Medica Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany; wFaculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, University Hospital Cochin, Paris, France; xDepartment of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK; ykbo-Inn-Salzach-Klinikum Wasserburg am Inn, Germany; zDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig- Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY Objective: Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are spe- Received 2 May 2016 cific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the current Accepted 3 May 2016 knowledge of biomarkers for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post- traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: Findings in biomarker research were reviewed by a task force of international experts KEYWORDS Anxiety disorders; in the field, consisting of members of the World Federation of Societies for Biological Psychiatry neuroimaging; genetic; Task Force on Biological Markers and of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology neurochemistry; Anxiety Disorders Research Network. neurobiology; review Results: The present article (Part II) summarises findings on potential biomarkers in neurochem- istry (neurotransmitters such as serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine or GABA, neuropeptides such as cholecystokinin, neurokinins, atrial natriuretic peptide, or oxytocin, the HPA axis, neuro- trophic factors such as NGF and BDNF, immunology and CO2 hypersensitivity), neurophysiology (EEG, heart rate variability) and neurocognition. The accompanying paper (Part I) focuses on neu- roimaging and genetics. Conclusions: Although at present, none of the putative biomarkers is sufficient and specific as a Downloaded by [Georg-August-Universitaet Goettingen], [Borwin Bandelow] at 05:52 18 July 2016 diagnostic tool, an abundance of high quality research has accumulated that should improve our understanding of the neurobiological causes of anxiety disorders, OCD and PTSD. Abbreviations: 5-HIAA: 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid; 5-HT: Serotonin; 5-HTP: Hydroxytryptophan; 5- HTT: Serotonin transporter; 5-HTTLPR: Serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region; A-SepAD: Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder; ACC: Anterior cingulate cortex; ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hor- mone or corticotropin; ADRN: Anxiety Disorders Research Network; ANP: Atrial natriuretic peptide; ASLO: Anti-streptolysin O; BDD: Body Dysmorphic Disorder; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic fac- tor; C-SepAD: Childhood Separation Anxiety Disorder; CBT: Cognitive-behavioural therapy; CCK: Cholecystokinin; CNS: Central nervous system; COMT: Catechol-O-methyltransferase; CRH: CONTACT Prof. Dr. Borwin Bandelow [email protected] von-Siebold-Str. 5, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of G€ottingen D-37075 G€ottingen, Germany ß 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group 2 B. BANDELOW ET AL. Corticotropin-releasing hormone; CRP: C-reactive protein; CSF: Cerebro-spinal fluid; DHEAS: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate; DAT: Dopamine transporter; DSM: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; DST: Dexamethasone suppression test; ECNP: European College of Neuropsychopharmacology; EEG: Electroencephalography; ELISA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; ERN: Error-related negativity; ERP: Event-related potential; fMRI: Functional magnetic reson- ance imaging; GABA: c-Aminobutyric acid; GABHS: Group A beta haemolytic streptococci ; GAD: Generalized Anxiety Disorder; GWAS: Genome-wide association study; HF: High frequency (high frequency oscillation is a frequency-domain heart rate variability measure); HPA axis: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography; HRV: Heart rate variability; IL: Interleukin; LF: Low frequency (low frequency oscillation is a frequency-domain heart rate variability measure); MAO: Monoamine oxidase; MDD: Major Depressive Disorder; mPFC: Medial prefrontal cortex; mRNA: Messenger ribonucleic acid; NE: Norepinephrine (noradre- nalin); NET: Norepinephrine transporter; NGF: Nerve growth factor; NK: Neurokinin; OCD: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; OC-RD: Obsessive-Compulsive-Related Disorders; OFC: Orbitofrontal cortex; PANDAS: Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococcal infections; PANS: Pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome; PDA: Panic dis- order with or without Agoraphobia; PFC: Prefrontal cortex; POMC: Proopiomelanocortin; PSG: Polysomnography; PTSD: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; RMSSD: Root mean square of successive differences; SAD: Social Anxiety Disorder; SDNN: Standard deviation of normal sinus intervals; SNRI: Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor; SSRI: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor; SSRT: Stop signal reaction task; TNF: Tumor necrosis