Money and Coinage in the Middle Ages Rory Naismith - 978-90-04-38309-8 Downloaded from Brill.com10/23/2019 12:00:56PM via free access Reading Medieval Sources The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/rms Rory Naismith - 978-90-04-38309-8 Downloaded from Brill.com10/23/2019 12:00:56PM via free access Money and Coinage in the Middle Ages Edited by Rory Naismith | Rory Naismith - 978-90-04-38309-8 Downloaded from Brill.com10/23/2019 12:00:56PM via free access This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the ´´-µ-´ 4.0 License, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Cover illustration: Figure brandishing an outsized coin of Charlemagne (768–814), of a new type introduced 792/3: St Gall, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. 731, p. 111 (Burgundy?; completed 1 November 793). Reproduced with kind permission of the Stiftsbibliothek St. Gallen. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Naismith, Rory, editor. Title: Money and coinage in the Middle Ages / edited by Rory Naismith. Description: Boston : Brill, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references. Identi¾¿ers: À´´ 2018037394| 9789004372467 (hard back) | 9789004383098 (e-book) Subjects: À´Â: Money–Europe–History–To 1500. | Numismatics–Europe–History–To 1500. | Economic history–Medieval, 500-1500. | Commerce–History–Medieval, 500-1500. Classi¾¿cation: À´´ HG925 .M667 2018 | ÅÅ´ 332.4/940902–dc23 À´ record available at https:// lccn.loc.gov/2018037394 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill- typeface. - ---- (hardback) ---- (e-book) Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijho¨f, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense and Hotei Publishing. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect the publication against unauthorized use and to authorize dissemination by means of o¨fprints, legitimate photocopies, microform editions, reprints, translations, and secondary information sources, such as abstracting and indexing services including databases. Requests for commercial re-use, use of parts of the publication, and/or translations must be addressed to Koninklijke Brill NV. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid- free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Rory Naismith - 978-90-04-38309-8 Downloaded from Brill.com10/23/2019 12:00:56PM via free access Contents List of Figures and Tables ÆÆ Notes on Contributors ÆÇ 1 Introduction 1 Rory Naismith Thinking about Medieval Money 2 Money and Currency 21 Gaspar Feliu 3 Money Orders— and It’s Done! Activating Theories of Money’s Origins and Orders 41 Bill Maurer Key Phases of Medieval Money and Coinage 4 From the Fall of Rome to Charlemagne (c.400– 800) 63 Alessia Rovelli 5 From Charlemagne to the Commercial Revolution (c.800– 1150) 93 Andrew R. Woods 6 From the Commercial Revolution to the Black Death (c.1150– 1350) 122 Richard Kelleher 7 From the Black Death to the New World (c.1350– 1500) 151 Philipp Robinson Rössner Rory Naismith - 978-90-04-38309-8 Downloaded from Brill.com10/23/2019 12:00:56PM via free access Æ ´ ÍÎ ÍÎ Themes in the Study of Medieval Money and Coinage 8 Money and Society 179 Rory Naismith 9 Money and the Economy 203 Nick Mayhew 10 Money, Coins, and Archaeology 231 Nanouschka Myrberg Burström 11 Money and Literature 264 Elizabeth Edwards 12 Art in the Round: Tradition and Creativity in Early Anglo- Saxon Coinage 287 Anna Gannon 13 Coins and Identity: From Mint to Paradise 320 Lucia Travaini Bibliography 351 Index 358 Rory Naismith - 978-90-04-38309-8 Downloaded from Brill.com10/23/2019 12:00:56PM via free access Figures and Tables Figures 1.1 Woodcut illustration of a minting scene, from Emperor Maximilian , Der Weisskunig. 3 1.2 Cut halfpenny of Harthacnut (1040– 1042), Winchester mint, uncertain moneyer, found at Kimpton, Hampshire. 13 1.3 The “Wilton Cross”, consisting of a lightweight solidus of Heraclius (610– 641) mounted in a gold cross inlaid with garnets, found at Wilton, Norfolk. 14 2.1 Valuation of piccolo relative to the grosso at Venice, 1200– 1500. 29 2.2 Grams of silver per penny at Florence and Venice. 30 2.3 Number of pennies in di¨ferent ÏÐorins of account at Florence 1430– 1500. 35 4.1 Constantine (306– 337), gold solidus, Ticinum mint. 65 4.2 5th- / 6th- century minimi from the Basilica Hilariana (Rome). 68 4.3 Theoderic (493– 526), silver quarter- siliqua. 72 4.4 Bronze follis of King Theodahad (534– 536). 73 4.5 Gold solidus of King Theodebert (534– 548). 74 4.6 Gold tremissis of King Cunincpert (688– 700). 76 4.7 Silver denier/ denarius of Charlemagne (768– 814). 82 5.1 Silver denier of Pepin the Short (751– 768). 96 5.2 The Spillings hoard. 101 5.3 Silver “Otto- Adelheid” penny. 107 5.4 Silver bracteate of Conrad of Meissen (1130– 1156). 109 5.5 Silver penny of King Cnut (c.900), York. 112 6.1 a) Archbishops of Cologne, silver pfennig of Adolf (1193– 1205), diameter 19mm; b) archbishops of Mainz, Henry of Haarburg (1142– 53), silver bracteate struck at Erfurt, diameter 33mm. 127 6.2 12th- century anonymous silver denier of Blois diameter 20mm. 128 6.3 Map showing location of hoards of the Short Cross (1180– 1247) period found in Continental Europe. 135 6.4 English silver penny of Edward (1272– 1307) struck at Bristol (c. 1280– 1282), diameter 20mm. 136 6.5 Silver gros tournois of Louis Ò of France (1226– 1270), diameter 26mm. 138 6.6 a) Sicily, William (1154– 66), gold tarì, Messina mint, 1154, diameter 11mm; b) Castile, Alfonso Ó (1158– 1214), gold maravedí alfonsí, Toledo mint, 1191 diameter 28mm. 141 6.7 Gold ÏÐorin of Florence, 1252. 143 10.1 Scandinavian Viking- Age beads from Birka, Sweden. From graves 550 (top) and 1067 (below). 235 Rory Naismith - 978-90-04-38309-8 Downloaded from Brill.com10/23/2019 12:00:56PM via free access ÆÆÆ ÔÆÕ Ö ×ÍØ Ù×Ú 10.2 French antiquarian and collector Charles Patin, seated in front of his medal cabinet with a coin in his hand, a medal around his neck, and other art and naturalia items surrounding him. Engraving by Theodor Roos in Thesaurus Numismatum (Patin 1672). 240 10.3 Reconstruction and documentation of a hoard from Neftenbach, Switzerland. The coins were deposited in a bronze jug, some singly and some wrapped into rolls, covered by cloth and hidden below the ÏÐoorboards of a building. Mixed with and on top of the coins there was foxtail millet. 248 10.4 A Khazar coin inscribed “Musa rasul Allah” (Moses is God’s messenger), found 1999 in a hoard from Spillings, Gotland, Sweden. The coin (dated c. 837) is unique and the only physical proof of the Khazars’ conversion to Judaism before A.D. 800. 251 10.5 Lead token mould found in Akko, Israel (ÜÜ 2002– 294). 254 12.1a “Pada”, Type PIb. Obv. helmeted bust right. Rev. banner containing Î Î / ÇÇ, “pada” in runes to right. 297 12.1b “Pada”, Type PIIa. Obv. diademed bust right. Rev. “pada” in runes in circle. 298 12.2 Series R, Type R1. Obv. “epa” in runes before radiate bust right. Rev. standard containing Î Î / ÆÆ, cross below and pseudo- letters to either side. 299 12.3 “Two Emperors” type. 303 12.4 Series Ó, Type 7. 304 12.5 “Cross and Rosettes”, Type 106 variant. 309 12.6a ÍÆÎ×Ý Ö type, Type 9 variant. 310 12.6b ÍÆÎ×Ý Ö type, Type 14 variant. 311 12.7 Archer Group, Type 94. 313 13.1 Silver denarius of Bolskan. 4.11 g, diameter 18 mm. 327 13.2 Count Ermengol V of Urgell (1092– 1102), billon denier. 0.91g, diameter 18mm. 327 13.3 Sancerre, billon denier of Count Steven of Champagne and of Sancerre (1152– 1191). 328 Tables 9.1 Estimated total value of coins in circulation in the British Isles. From M. Allen, “Sterling area” (less- 17% data added by author). In £ millions. 212 9.2 Available stocks of gold and silver. From M. Allen, “Sterling area”. 213 Rory Naismith - 978-90-04-38309-8 Downloaded from Brill.com10/23/2019 12:00:56PM via free access Notes on Contributors Elizabeth Edwards is Professor of Humanities at the University of King’s College in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, where she is currently the director of the Contemporary Stud- ies Programme. She is the author of The Genesis of Narrative in Malory’s Morte Darthur (2001) and a former president of the Canadian Society of Medievalists. Her publications on the relation of medieval literature and economy include “The Economics of Justice in Chaucer’s Miller’s and Reeve’s Tales” (2001) and “The Cheerful Science: Nicholas Oresme, Home Economics, and Literary Dis- semination” (2011). Gaspar Feliu is retired Professor of History and Economic Institutions at the University of Barcelona and a member of the Institut d’Estudis Catalans, the Catalan acade- my of sciences and humanities. He has worked in particular on money, prices, banking, weights and measures, demography, and agrarian history.