2.0 DATA COLLECTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW In order to perform the geotechnical evaluation, a comprehensive compilation and review of available publications, reports, and data was performed for all areas along the proposed corridor concepts. The purpose for the data collection and literature review was to gather and assess existing information to develop an initial understanding of the geologic, faulting, hydrogeological, environmental, and geotechnical considerations for each conceptual alternative. Data were compiled by acquiring readily available reports and publications from public agencies including: United States Geological Survey (USGS) California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) California Geological Survey (CGS) California Division of Oil and Geothermal Resources (CDOGR) Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) City of Los Angeles Department of Public Works (LADPW) - Geotechnical and Materials Engineering Division Los Angeles County Department of Public Works (LACDPW) California Department of Water Resources (CDWR) Dibblee Foundation A complete list of the geologic references compiled and reviewed is presented in the reference section of this report (Section 9.0). In addition, unpublished reports available in company and personal files, and available technical reports issued by other consultants were compiled and reviewed Data and reports from current projects along the alignment provided recent comprehensive geotechnical data as part of the literature review. These projects include the Caltrans I-405 Sepulveda Pass Widening Design-Build Project and the Metro Crenshaw/LAX Corridor Project. 10 3.0 REGIONAL GEOLOGY 3.1 Physiography The proposed Sepulveda Pass Corridor extends north-south along I-405 freeway between the I-5 interchange to the north near Sylmar and the I-105 freeway to the south near LAX. The project corridor extends through numerous geologic/geomorphic regions of southern California. The northern portion of the alignment cuts through the San Fernando Valley and continues south through the Santa Monica Mountains into the Los Angeles Basin. The physiography of the corridor is shown on Figure 3-1. The San Fernando Valley is a triangular east-west trending structural depression located within the Transverse Ranges physiographic/geologic province. The Transverse Ranges province trends east-west from the offshore Channel Islands (Santa Rosa, Santa Cruz, Anacapa, etc) to the eastern Mojave Desert. The province is characterized by east-west trending mountain ranges such as the Santa Monica Mountains, San Gabriel Mountains, and San Bernardino Mountains) and separated by similar trending intermontane valleys. The San Fernando Valley is bordered on the east by the Verdugo Mountains, on the north by the San Gabriel and Santa Susana Mountians, on the east by the Simi Hills and finally on the south by the Santa Monica Mountains. The mountains that bound the San Fernando Valley are actively deforming anticlinal ranges bounded by thrust faults. As the ranges have risen and deformed, the valley has subsided and accumulated sediment to create the elongate basin. The Santa Monica Mountains are an east-west trending linear mountain range within the western Transverse Ranges physiographic/geologic province. Major east-trending folds, reverse faults, and left-lateral strike-slip faults reflect regional north-south compression and are characteristic of the Transverse Ranges. The Santa Monica Mountains are being actively uplifted along a series of segmented frontal reverse faults on the south side of the range extending from Arroyo Sequit in the west to Glendale in the east. These faults include the Malibu Coast fault, the Santa Monica fault, and the Raymond (Hill) fault. This fault system is aligned with the Santa Cruz Island fault, which it may join somewhere in the Santa Barbara Channel. The Los Angeles Basin on the south side of the range is one of a series of basins forming a transition zone between the Transverse Ranges and the northwest-southeast trending Peninsular Ranges physiographic/geologic province to the south. The Los Angeles Basin is a large low-lying coastal plain bordered by the Santa Monica Mountains on the north, the Repetto and Puente Hills on the northeast, the Santa Ana Mountains on the east, and the San Joaquin Hills on the south. The western margin of the basin is open to the Pacific Ocean except for one prominent hill, the Palos Verdes Peninsula. The floor of the Los Angeles Basin is a relatively flat surface rising gently from sea level along the coastline to an apron of uplifted terrain along the base of the surrounding mountains which rise abruptly to a few thousand feet above the plain. The flat basin floor is interrupted in a few localities by small hills, the most prominent of which are a northwest-southeast trending alignment of hills and mesas extending from the Newport Beach area on the south to the Beverly Hills area on the north. 11 3.2 Structure The regional tectonics of the Los Angeles region is one of north-northeast/south-southwest compression. This is indicated by geomorphology, earthquake focal mechanisms, and geodetic measurements that yield crustal shortening at rates of about 5 to 9 mm/year. The Santa Monica Mountains comprise a relatively young (late Pleistocene-age ~ 500,000 years old) mountain range uplifted by folding and faulting resulting from this north-south crustal shortening. The range is essentially an upward fold (anticline) with rocks along the north flank of the range dipping toward the San Fernando Valley and rocks along the south flank dipping toward the Los Angeles Basin on the south. The range has a long record of structural deformation within Tertiary time and appears to have been uplifted and eroded several times in the ancient geologic past as indicated by major angular stratigraphic unconformities The range is bounded by major reverse or thrust faults along the south flank; these faults dip northerly under the range. The major faults are the Santa Monica fault and the Hollywood fault (Figure 4-1a). Both of these faults are believed to be active and portions of them have been designated as Alquist-Priolo Earthquake Fault Zones by the California Geological Survey. Some geoscientists consider the Hollywood fault to be primarily a strike-slip fault (lateral shifting) in spite of the large vertical uplift of the mountain range. Also, a relatively prominent scarp in the Santa Monica Plain is thought to represent the surface expression of the Santa Monica fault but has not been clearly proven to be the major fault and there may be other deeper northerly dipping faults. Another major fault, the Benedict Canyon fault lies south of the project area and traverses the Santa Monica Mountains from the Brentwood area on the southwest to the North Hollywood area on the northeast. This fault appears to be a left-lateral, strike-slip fault and is not known to be active. 3.3 Stratigraphy The stratigraphy and structure of the Sepulveda Pass Corridor study area is quite complex due to multiple episodes of folding and faulting. The basic stratigraphy is characterized by Quaternary alluvium unconformably overlying a sequence of Quaternary and Tertiary marine sediments and sedimentary rocks that unconformably overlie middle Tertiary to Cretaceous marine sedimentary rocks (Dibblee, 1991; Yerkes and Campbell, 2005). All of these, in turn, unconformably overlie metamorphic basement rocks of the Santa Monica slate which forms the core of the Santa Monica Mountains along with Cretaceous-age igneous intrusive rocks. The multiple unconformities indicate several periods of uplift and erosion. The stratigraphic sequence is further complicated by faulting which has offset the geologic formations both laterally and vertically. The vertical displacements have thrust the Santa Monica slate over the Tertiary sedimentary rocks (Dibblee, 1991; Wright, 1991). The study area is generally underlain by nearly horizontal Quaternary sediments overlying Tertiary-age sediments and sedimentary rocks that have been deformed into folds and offset by faults. The sedimentary strata lap onto the Santa Monica slate that forms the core of the Santa Monica Mountains; bedrock units on the south flank generally dip southerly and bedrock units on the north flank generally dip northerly. Along the higher elevations within the project corridor, particularly through the Santa Monica Mountains, sedimentary and metamorphic bedrock are exposed at the surface with some localized colluvial and alluvial soils within tributary valleys. 12 Thick alluvial deposits are found in the valley/basin portions of the project corridor. This includes the areas north and south of the Santa Monica Mountains. The San Fernando Valley to the north is underlain by up to 2,000 feet of alluvial sediment, with Cretaceous-aged crystalline bedrock below the thick alluvium (Norris and Webb, 1990). The southern portion of the corridor extends into the Los Angeles Basin. This area of the project corridor is directly underlain by unconsolidated Quaternary-age sandy sediments. These generally could be subdivided into loose unconsolidated Holocene-age sediments which cover the bulk of the basin, and late-Pleistocene materials which comprise the surface over much of the uplifts of the Newport Inglewood Structural Zone and the marginal plains. Hard rocks occur only in the mountains surrounding the basins and at depths ranging from about 5,000 feet to as much as 30,000 feet in the deepest part of the central basin. Figure 3-2 shows a geologic map of the study area. 3.4 Groundwater Groundwater is highly variable along the extent of the project corridor. The highest historical groundwater is partly documented by the California Geological Survey (CGS, 1997 and 1998b) as shown on Figures 3-3a and 3-3b. The historical high groundwater map of the Inglewood quadrangle (CGS, 1999) shows the groundwater depths for the southern end of the corridor. The map indicates that groundwater in the southerly portion of the project alignment is at approximately 40 feet below grade. As the corridor extends northward, the groundwater deepens to 50 feet below grade through Inglewood, just south of Manchester Boulevard along I-405.