Music in the Balkans Balkan Studies Library Editor-in-Chief Zoran Milutinović, University College London Editorial Board Gordon N. Bardos, Columbia University Alex Drace-Francis, University of Amsterdam Jasna Dragović-Soso, Goldsmiths, University of London Christian Voss, Humboldt University, Berlin Advisory Board Marie-Janine Calic, University of Munich Lenard J. Cohen, Simon Fraser University Radmila Gorup, Columbia University Robert M. Hayden, University of Pittsburgh Robert Hodel, Hamburg University Anna Krasteva, New Bulgarian University Galin Tihanov, Queen Mary, University of London Maria Todorova, University of Illinois Andrew Wachtel, Northwestern University VOLUME 8 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsl Music in the Balkans By Jim Samson LEIDEN • BOSTON 2013 Cover Illustration: The bridge on the Drina at Višegrad, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Samson, Jim. Music in the Balkans / by Jim Samson. pages cm. — (Balkan studies library, ISSN 1877-6272 ; 8) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-25037-6 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-90-04-25038-3 (e-book) 1. Music—Balkan Peninsula—History and criticism. I. Title. ML3600.S26 2013 780.9496—dc23 2013012191 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, IPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 1877-6272 ISBN 978-90-04-25037-6 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-25038-3 (e-book) Copyright 2013 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers and Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. 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To Efi, Richard, Vasilis and Stefanos CONTENTS List of Illustrations .......................................................................................... xiii List of Maps ...................................................................................................... xv Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 PART ONE BALKAN GEOGRAPHIES 1 Exodus ......................................................................................................... 13 Sarajevo: Little Jerusalem ................................................................. 13 Two Peninsulas: The Sephardic Diaspora ................................... 17 Singing the Community: Music of the Sephardim ................... 21 Opening Out: Themes and Developments .................................. 28 2 Ecologies ..................................................................................................... 35 Music and Place ................................................................................... 35 Ringed by Mountains: The Oaş Country ...................................... 40 On the Voice: The Dinaric Alps and Other Mountains ........... 44 Deep in Šumadija ................................................................................ 51 3 Displacements .......................................................................................... 58 Investing in Place ................................................................................ 58 Migrations: Serbs in a Habsburg World ....................................... 63 Trading Places: Greece and Anatolia ............................................ 69 Tallava Rules: Kosovars in Macedonia ......................................... 75 4 Ecumenes ................................................................................................... 80 In the Minority .................................................................................... 80 All Together in Vojvodina ................................................................ 83 Orchestrating Thrace ......................................................................... 91 5 Centres ........................................................................................................ 101 All in the Family: Mapping Montenegro ..................................... 101 Finding the Centres: People and Traditions ............................... 110 East – West ........................................................................................... 115 viii contents PART TWO HISTORICAL LAYERS 6 A Makam-Echos Culture ..................................................................... 133 Grand Narratives ............................................................................... 133 Byzantine Reflections ...................................................................... 142 Ottoman Canons ............................................................................... 150 7 Eastern Recessions ............................................................................... 160 Allahu Ekber ...................................................................................... 160 Coffee Break ....................................................................................... 173 Turning West ..................................................................................... 180 8 Infrastructures ........................................................................................ 189 Littoral Balkans: Venice and the Adriatic ................................. 189 Mitteleuropa: The Reach of the Habsburgs .............................. 196 Reciprocities: Modernising the Peripheries ............................. 202 The Principalities and Beyond ..................................................... 208 9 Nations ..................................................................................................... 220 The First Steps ................................................................................... 220 Two Nations ....................................................................................... 228 The Berlin Balkans ........................................................................... 235 Yugoslavism ........................................................................................ 240 10 Inspirers ................................................................................................... 249 Building the Pyramids: Reflections on High Culture ............. 249 Greeks . ............................................................................................. 254 . and other Agents ......................................................................... 261 Either/Or: Reflections on Modernism ........................................ 266 PART THREE MUSIC IN TRANSITION 11 Mixing It .................................................................................................. 275 Discourses of Transition ................................................................. 275 Nuts and Bolts: Elements of Popular Music ............................. 281 On the Record: Surveying the Legacy ........................................ 287 contents ix 12 Join the Club .......................................................................................... 302 Following the Leader: Manolis Kalomiris ................................. 302 Drawing the Circle: The Greek National School ..................... 313 Another Way: The Failure of Greek Modernism .................... 325 13 Moderna ................................................................................................... 332 Garlands: Stevan Mokranjac ......................................................... 332 One People, Three Names: The First Yugoslavia .................... 338 Late Arrivals: Croatian Modernisms ........................................... 344 Parallel Tracks: Bulgarian Advances ........................................... 351 Transit to Prague .............................................................................. 358 14 Serbo-Croat ............................................................................................. 369 Who Owns Slavenski? ..................................................................... 369 From the Balkans . ........................................................................ 376 . to the Cosmos .............................................................................. 383 15 Placing Genius ....................................................................................... 391 A Tempting Comparison: Locating George Enescu ............... 391 Closing In: Enescu’s Journey ......................................................... 398 Wider Again: In the Modernist Canon ...................................... 407 PART FOUR EASTERN EUROPE 16 The Curtain Descends ......................................................................... 415 Left, Right . ...................................................................................... 415 In Extremis: The Singular Case of Albania ...............................