LECTURE OUTLINE CHAPTER 7 Marieb The Skeletal system: Axial division Lecture Outline I. AXIAL SKELETON A. Structures 1. sutures a. coronal - between frontal and parietal bones b. lambdoidal - between occipital and parietal bones c. sagittal - between two parietal bones d. squamosal - between temporal and parietal bones 2. skull a. cranium - brain case 1) occipital - landmark - foramen magnum i. occipital condyles- articulate with atlas ii. occipital crest iii. external occipital protuberance - bump to lean your head against iv. nuchal lines - inferior and superior - muscle attachments v. jugular foramen vi. hypoglossal canals 2) parietal - landmark squamosal suture i. temporal lines - superior and inferior ii. parietal eminence 3) frontal - landmark - orbital area i. metopic suture -remnant of fusion between bones ii. frontal squama iii. suprorbital margins iv. supraorbital foramen/ notch v. superciliary arch- behind eyebrows vi. lacrimal fossa vii. frontal crest viii. frontal sinus 4) temporal bones (2), landmark - external acoustic meatus i. squama ii. zygomatic process -reaches toward zygomatic bone iii. zygomatic arch iv. mandibular fossa - articulation with mandible v. tympanic portion - contains ear vi. external auditory canal vii. mastoid process - hard lump behind ear viii. mastoid foramen ix. styloid process - sharp pointy process x. stylomastoid foramen xi. jugular foramen xii. carotid canal xiii. foramen lacerum xiv. auditory tube xv. petrous portion - rock hard, inside xvi. internal acoustic canal - exit for nerve 5) sphenoid - i. sella turcica -which contains the pituitary ii. hypophyseal fossa iii. anterior clinoid processes iv. tuberculum sellae v. dorsum sellae vi. posterior clinoid processes vii. optic groove - optic nerves cross here viii.. optic canal - passage for optic nerve ix. superior orbital fissure x. foramen rotundum xi. foramen ovale xii. foramen spinosum xiii. greater wings xiv. sphenoidal spine xv. pterygoid process xvi. pterygoid canal 6) ethmoid - landmark - crista galli i. cribriform plate - opening for olfactory nerve ii. crista galli - tiedown for meninges iii. lateral masses - bulk of bone iv. superior nasal conchae v. middle nasal conchae vi. ethmoidal sinuses - spaces in masses vii. perpendicular plate - meets vomer to form nasal septum b. facial bones 1) two nasal - form bridge of nose 2) two maxillae i. orbital rim ii. frontal process - reaches toward frontal bone iii. alveolar process - sockets for teeth iv. inferior orbital fissure v. infraorbital foramen vi. maxillary sinus vii. palatal process - horizontal, roof of mouth viii. hard palate ix. incisivie foramen 3) mandible i. body ii. ramus iii. coronoid process - highest point iv. mental foramen v. mandibular notch vi. alveolar process - sockets for teeth vii. mylohyoid line - muscle attachment viii. mandibular foramen - inside ramus ix. mandibular canal 4) two zygomatics – cheek bones 5) two palatines 6) two lacrimals 7) vomer - inferior portion of nasal septum 8) two inferior conchae c. hyoid – no articulations d. three pairs of auditory ossicles – malleus, incus & stapes e. sinuses – i. paranasal – all open into nasal cavity a) frontal b) ethmoid c) sphenoid d) maxillary ii. sealed a) mastoid sinus B. Fetal skull - many bones separate for growth and birth 1. fontanels a. frontal ( anterior) - between 2 frontal s and 2 parietal b. posterior (occipital) - between occipital and parietals c. pair anteriolateral (sphenoid) - between parietals, sphenoid, and temporals d. pair posteriolateral (mastoid) - between temporal, occipital, and parietals C.. Spinal column 1. regions a. cervical 1-7 have transverse foramina C1 – atlas, no centrum, articulates w/ occipital bone superiorly and axis inferiorly. C2- axis – has a superior process, the dens, around which the atlas articulates in a side-to side motion. C7 - has long straight spinous process (vertebral prominens) b. thoracic – 1-12, ribs attached, will have costal facets for ribs c.. lumbar – 1-5 large, blocky spinous processes d. sacrum 1-5 fused into one block e. coccyx – 1-3/5 sections, partially fused 2. curvatures - normal a.. primary – the direction of a fetal spinal curvature, concave anteriorly 1). thoracic 2). sacral b. secondary – convex anteriorly, develop later in development, 1). cervical - develops when able to hold head up 2). lumbar - develops when able to stand 3 curvatures – abnormal a. scoliosis – lateral curvature mainly in thoracic region b. kyphosis – exaggerated thoracic curvature, “hunchback”, „dowager‟s hump” c. lordosis – exaggerated lumbar curvature, “swayback” 4.. vertebrae features a. body , centrum b. neural arch made up of lamina and pedicles c. neural foramen/ vertebral foramen – surrounded by centrum and neural arch. d. processes i. spinous – unpaired ii. transverse – paired iii. superior articulating – paired iv. inferior articulating - paired D. Ribs and Sternum 1. 12 pairs of ribs a. 7 pairs true- each attach to sternum by cartilage b. 5 pairs false i. 3 just false - attach indirectly to sternum ii. 2 pair floating - no sternal attachment 2. sternum a. manubrium b. body c. xiphoid .