HORTIKULTURA: FRUITS PRODUCTION (Industry, Fresh, Functional) Shared by: L. Setyobudi Acquaah, George. 2005. Horticulture. Principles and Practices E.W.M. Verheij and R.E. Coronel (edit), 1992. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No.2 : Edible Fruits and Nuts. Prosea. Bogor. Indonesia. 446 pp. 1 L. Setyobudi n., pl. fruit or fruits The ripened ovary or ovaries of a seed-bearing plant, together with accessory parts, containing the seeds and occurring in a wide variety of forms. An edible, usually sweet and fleshy form of such a structure. A part or an amount of such a plant product, served as food: fruit for dessert. 2 FRUIT TEXTURE fleshy = pericarp soft & fleshy upon maturation dry = pericarp is papery, leathery or woody upon maturation dehiscent - ripe fruit splits open indehiscent - ripe fruit does not split open Simple = from a single pistil ( stigma FRUIT + style + ovary) such as an apple CLASSIFIED Aggregate = from a cluster of ovaries on a common receptacle or flower ( raspberry) Multiple = from a cluster of flowers on a common receptacle as in a pineapple Accessory fruit = composed of the ripened ovary + additional parts, such as receptacle, bracts. (apple, cucumber, strawberry) Berry Fleshy Drupe Fruit Classified Pome Follicle Legume Simple Dry Dehiscent Capsule Silique Achene Fruits Dry In-Dehiscent Grain Flashy Samara Agregate Dry Flashy Multiple Dry 3 Simple fleshy A. Berry multiple carpels, soft, fleshy throughout i.e. tomato, bell pepper, grape Specific types in addition to the simple berry: hesperidium leathery rind pulp separated into compartments i.e. orange, grapefruit pepo accessory fruit receptacle tissue fuses with ovary i.e. cucumber, squash B. Drupe thin exocarp ( skin) fleshy mesocarp hard & stony endocarp (contains toxins) envelopes seed (ovary in seed) i.e. olive, peach, plum, cherry C. Pome accessory fruit ( see above ) 'core line' separates cortex from pith ovary is at center of core (parchment-like texture that gets stuck in your teeth ) i.e. apple, pear 4 Simple dry dehiscent A. Follicle derived from one carpel which splits on its side at maturity i.e. milkweed fibers transport seeds single suture line B. Legume derived from one carpel and splits on both sides at maturity i.e. beans, peas, pean uts C. Capsule develops from compound ovary and consists of multiple carpels capsule splits in multiple segments at maturity, splitting lengthwise or by pores (lily, iris, snapdragons, p oppy) 5 D. Silique consists of two fused carpels that separate at maturity i.e. shepherd's purse and mustard fruits Simple dry indehiscent A. Achene ( strawberry seed, sunflower seed) once-seeded fruit thin shelled,fruit coat free from seed seeds germinate and breaks open B. Grain ( wheat, corn) one small seed which fuses to inner layer of pericarp example is corn; each kernel is a fruit 6 C. Samara distinct winged fruit, i.e. maple seed . D. Nut • one - seeded fruit very hard, thick pericarp which may be surrounded by a cup i.e. acorn • very hard, thick pericarp may be surrounded by husk i.e. filbert, chestnut, pecan Aggregate fleshy strawberry and blackberry at maturity Strawberry fruits are aggregates made up of several small fruits, each with one seed called an achene. The flesh of the strawberry is actually an enlarged receptacle, non-reproductive material individual fruits of strawberry :red part is accessory and little gritty parts are achene seeds blackberry contains cluster of dupes Aggregate dry magnolia and tulip poplar fruits magnolia contains individual fruits called follicles tulip poplar is aggregate 7 Multiple fleshy multiple flowers examples are: pineapple, mulberry, and fig Multiple Dry separate fruits many ovules many flowers consist of cluster of capsules example: sweet gum balls 1. The many ways in which fruits and fruit trees are used 2. Data on production and consumption 3. The export trade 4. Fruit growth and development 8 The many ways in which fruits and fruit trees are used Consumed because tasty and healthy: Vitamins and minerals to balance diet Bananas and Breadfruit (Jack fruit, durian, and avocado) as staple diet Medicinal uses : Exp: citrus, avocado, papaya etc. Tannin or dye : Coca Cosmetic : Manggis, Pisang Etc Average yearly consumption and spending in Indonesia in 1996 Consumption Urban Villages Urban + Villages Amount Amount Amount Fruits Fruits (kg) Fruits (kg) (kg) 1. Bananas 6.81 1. Bananas 10.30 1. Bananas 9.05 2. Papayas 3.95 2. Papayas 2.29 2. Papayas 2.86 3. Rambutan 3.22 3. Mango 2.03 3. Rambutan 2.44 4. Citrus 2.24 4. Rambutan 2.03 4. Mango 2.13 5. Mango 2.29 5. Jack fruits 1.25 5. Citrus 1.30 6. Snake fruits 1.46 6. Snake fruits 1.09 6. Snake fruits 1.20 7. Apple 1.40 7. Pineapple 1.04 7. Jackfruits 0.99 8. Watermelon 1.20 8. Citrus 0.78 8. Pineapple 0.94 9. Pineapple 0.68 9. Watermelon 0.52 9. Watermelon 0.78 10. Durian 0.57 10. Durian 0.52 10. Durian 0.68 11. Others 2.50 11. Others 1.65 11. Others 2.07 Total 36.45 Total 17.84 Total 24.44 Average yearly consumption and spending in Indonesia in 1996 Spending ($ 1= Rp 3,500.-) Urban Villages Urban + Villages Value Value Value Fruits Fruits (Rp) Fruits (Rp) (Rp) 1. Bananas 6.396 1. Bananas 5.928 1. Bananas 6.136 2. Citrus 6.344 2. Rambutan 3.236 2. Citrus 3.224 3. Apple 5.460 3. Mango 2.028 3. Rambutan 2.964 4. Rambutan 4.316 4. Citrus 1.456 4. Mango 2.496 5. Mango 3.380 5. Snake fruits 1.144 5. Apple 2.496 6. Papayas 2.392 6. Papayas 936 6. Papayas 1.456 7. Snake fruits 1.924 7. Apple 832 7. Snake fruits 1.404 8. Durian 1.300 8. Durian 728 8. Durian 936 9. Watermelon 988 9. Jackfruit 676 9. Jackfruit 624 10. Duku 624 10. Pineapple 468 10. Watermelon 520 11. Others 3.328 11. Others 1.404 11. Others 8.320 Total 36.452 Total 17.84 Total 24.440 9 Consumption of bananas and plantains Kg/ca/yr, 2000, Source FAO Africa Asia & Pacific Uganda 222,8 Papua New Guinea 118,1 Rwanda 145,4 Vanuatu 57,4 Gabon 145,4 Kiribati 46,1 Sao Tome and 115,9 Philippines 34,2 Principe Sri Lanka 29,2 Cameroon 90,1 Indonesia 15,5 Latin America and Caribbean Near East United Arab Emirates 22,6 Ecuador 90,6 Israel 20,2 Bolivia 80,3 Lebanon 15,4 Saint Lucia 70,4 Kuwait 12,4 Venezuela 62,9 Cyprus 10,3 Panama 61,3 Banana and plantain production 2001, Metric Tonnes, Source FAO Africa Total 27 539 700 Latin America & Uganda 10 506 200 Caribbean Total 32 058 381 Cameroon 2 250 000 Ecuador 8 036 843 Ghana 1 942 000 Brazil 5 744 200 Nigeria 1 902 000 Colombia 4 207 474 Côte d'Ivoire 1 717 000 Costa Rica 2 322 000 Mexico 1 976 664 Asia & Pacific Near East Total 1 197 061 Total 36 517 013 India 16 000 000 Egypt 735 999 China 5 393 000 Lebanon 110 000 Philippines 5 060 782 Israel 100 100 Indonesia 3 600 000 Yemen 90 099 Thailand 1 720 000 Iran Islamic Rep of 40 000 Edible Fruit About 400 species bearing edible fruit Habit: herbaceous plants 10%, woody plant 90% Product: dry fruits, nuts or seeds 12%, fleshy fruits 88% domestication: cultivated 45%, growing wild 55% Source: Verheij & Coronel (1992). Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 2. Edible Fruit. PROSEA. Bogor. Indonesia. 10 11 Genetic Diversity Di-, tri-, tetraploid Wild – cultivated Accuminata - balbissiana Dessert – cooking Banana – plantain – abaca Nutrient – medicine Variasi Buah Tropika Sub-tropika L. Setyobudi 12 Standar Mutu/Quality Buah WELCOME TO GREAT GIANT PINE APLLE FARM - LAMPUNG 13 PINE APLLE WASTE FOR CATLE FEED 14 FRUIT GROWING LINGKUNGAN TUMBUH TANAMAN (FAKTOR ABIOTIK) KARBON DIOKSIDA (CO2) OKSIGEN (O2) AIR ? TANAH ? KOMPONEN DAN FAKTOR DALAM SISTEM PRODUKSI BUAH (Setyobudi, 1990) PENGGANTIAN PERBANYAKAN PEREMAJAAN TANAMAN BATANG ATAS SELEKSI PERBANYAKAN POHON PEMBUKAAN/ PENGELOLAAN DISPOSISI INDUK DAN DAN PENYEDIAAN PENGADAAN PRODUKSI HASIL TRANSPORTASI DISTRIBUSI PERBAIKAN KEBUN VARITAS BIBIT PERBANYAKAN BATANG BAWAH Faktor Faktor Pengelolaan Pengolahan Pengelolaan Tetap Musiman/Tahunan Pasar buah segar Penyimpanan Lokasi geografis Pengelolaan tanah Pasar lokal Kultivar lokal Pengairan Kios tepi jalan Skala kebun dan Pemupukan Agrowisata jarak tanam Pemangkasan dan lainnya Batang bawah Arsitektur pohon Fumigasi sebelum Zat pengatur tumbuh tanam Penyerbukan dan lainnya Penjarangan buah Pengendalian HPT Panen dan lainnya PEMULIAAN BUDIDAYA PASCA PANEN DAN TANAMAN DAN PEMBIBITAN PEMASARAN 15 Defoliasi + Bahan Kimia Pemacu Pembungaan 16 anther stigma 03/03/2009 51 L. Setyobudi, PhD. 17 03/03/2009 52 L. Setyobudi, PhD. Fahami Pola Pertumbuhan Tanaman E D Mombin Sumber: Verheij 1986 Ayoo sebenarnya kita bisa menghasilkan buah, tanpa harus import buah. Kebun ini di dataran rendah < 50 m dpl) rasa manis kering dan daging buah tebal. 18 19 ARSITEKTUR POHON 10/03/2009 58 L. Setyobudi Citrus reticulata var. Batu 55 20 SWEET ORANGE: Citrus sinensis 10/1/2012 62 L. SETYOBUDI, PhD. 10/1/2012 63 L. SETYOBUDI, PhD. 21 Sunkist adalah nama koperasi petani buah khususnya jeruk di California 10/1/2012 64 L. SETYOBUDI, PhD. 10/1/2012 65 L. SETYOBUDI, PhD. 10/1/2012 66 L. SETYOBUDI, PhD. 22 LEMON LEMONEN LIME OIL OIL TANGERIN OIL LEMONEN OIL 10/1/2012 67 L. SETYOBUDI, PhD. GRAPE FRUITS 23 24 25 PT. GREAT GIANT PINEAPLE - LAMPUNG Selling bananas at the market in Cameroon. Photo: Kim 26 Harga Pisang di Pasar Adelaide, AU 27 Pusat Perbelanjaan Adelaide 28 HARGA BUAH di FAMERS MARKET, LA, USA L.