Journal of Finnish Studies Enhancing Entrepreneurship in Finland Guest Editor Tiina Brandt Theme Issue of the Journal of Finnish Studies Volume 23 Number 2 December 2020 ISSN 1206-6516 ISBN 978-1-7328298-2-4 JOURNAL OF FINNISH STUDIES EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICE Journal of Finnish Studies, Department of English, 1901 University Avenue, Evans 458, Box 2146, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TEXAS 77341- 2146, USA Tel. 1.936.294.1420; Fax 1.936.294.1408; E-mail [email protected] EDITORIAL STAFF Helena Halmari, Editor-in-Chief, Sam Houston State University; [email protected] Hanna Snellman, Co-Editor, University of Helsinki; [email protected] Scott Kaukonen, Assoc. Editor, Sam Houston State University; [email protected] Hilary-Joy Virtanen, Asst. Editor, Finlandia University; [email protected] Sheila Embleton, Book Review Editor, York University; [email protected] Seth Dahl, Intern, Finlandia University; [email protected] EDITORIAL BOARD Börje Vähämäki, Founding Editor, JoFS, Professor Emeritus, University of Toronto Raimo Anttila, Professor Emeritus, University of California, Los Angeles Thomas DuBois, Professor, University of Wisconsin, Madison Sheila Embleton, Distinguished Research Professor, York University Aili Flint, Emerita Senior Lecturer, Associate Research Scholar, Columbia University Tim Frandy, Assistant Professor, Western Kentucky University Daniel Grimley, Professor, Oxford University Daniel K. Haataja, Senior Lecturer, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis Titus Hjelm, Associate Professor, University of Helsinki Johanna Laakso, Professor, University of Vienna Jason Lavery, Professor, Oklahoma State University James P. Leary, Professor Emeritus, University of Wisconsin, Madison Andrew Nestingen, Professor, University of Washington, Seattle Jyrki Nummi, Professor, University of Helsinki Jussi Nuorteva, Director General, The National Archives of Finland Juha Pentikäinen, Professor, University of Lapland Oiva Saarinen, Professor Emeritus, Laurentian University, Sudbury Beth L. Virtanen, Dean, Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College Keijo Virtanen, Professor Emeritus, University of Turku Marianne Wargelin, Independent Scholar, Minneapolis Lotta Weckström, Lecturer, University of California, Berkeley SUBSCRIPTION RATES 2020–21 Individuals: US $40 Institutions: US $60 Europe €40 Europe €60 ADVERTISEMENTS (BLACK & WHITE ONLY) Half page $50/€50 Full page $100/€100 Inside back cover $200/€200 Outside back cover $250/€250 MORE INFORMATION Contact Business Office, or http://www.shsu.edu/~eng_ira/finnishstudies/ ©2020 Journal of Finnish Studies OPEN ACCESS AND SELF-ARCHIVING POLICY The Journal of Finnish Studies allows immediate self-archiving, by our contribu- tors, of the published version of their own articles, in institutional repositories— with proper reference to the Journal of Finnish Studies volume, issue, and page numbers. With a 6-month embargo starting from the month of publication, the Journal of Finnish Studies also allows such self-archiving through public websites. All volumes of the Journal of Finnish Studies are available for electronic download from the journal’s website (“Covers and Contents”), with a twelve-month delay from issue date for the benefit of our paying subscribers. Since no government subsidies support academic journals in the United States, our traditional subscrip- tions are what makes it possible for us to continue publishing serious academic research, in English, about Finland and the Finnish diaspora for a global audience. Subscriptions to the Journal of Finnish Studies are available through our website: https://www.shsu.edu/eng_ira/finnishstudies/JoFS_subs_and_ads.html. For a cumulative bibliography of articles published in the Journal of Finnish Studies, see https://www.shsu.edu/eng_ira/finnishstudies/JoFS_Articles.pdf. Hardcopies of back issues are available directly from the editor at [email protected]. Cover: Coat of arms of Tampere. “The arms show a wavy golden bend for the rapids around which the town developed. The blacksmith’s hammer and caduceus are symbols for industry and trade.” (https://www.heraldry-wiki.com/heraldry- wiki/index.php?title=Tampere). Design by Olof Eriksson. Cover design: Scott Kaukonen The Journal of Finnish Studies expresses its gratitude to Finlandia Foundation National for the generous grant provided for the production of this theme issue. We also thank Suomi-Seura (Finland Society) for the media grant. The Journal of Finnish Studies is also grateful to the Department of English and the College of Humanities and Social Sciences at Sam Houston State University for the import- ant institutional support provided during the year 2020. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 Helena Halmari: Editorial 3 In Memoriam: Michael Branch 5 Tiina Brandt: Entrepreneurship in Finland: Introduction 9 Sanna Joensuu-Salo: A Long-Term Effect of Entrepreneurship Education on Entrepreneurial Intentions: Results from Finnish Higher Education Students 32 Jari Jussila, Anu Helena Suominen, and Timo Rainio: Entrepreneurship Competence Using Educational Hackathons in Finland 74 Sanna Joensuu-Salo, Kati Peltonen, Elena Oikkonen, Minna Hämäläinen, and Kaija Arhio: The Impact of Entrepreneurial Teaching: The Mediating Effect of the Teacher’s Ease of Performing University–Business Collaboration 104 Tiina Brandt and Nina Helander: Entrepreneurial Tendencies by Different Personalities 117 Marke Kivijärvi, Päivi Patja, and Mari Suoranta: Shedding Light on Early Stage Academic Entrepreneurship: Finnish University Researchers’ Views on Key Stakeholder Relations and Their Influence on the Research Commercialization Process 156 Malla Mattila, Pia Hautamäki, Mika Yrjölä, and Leena Aarikka-Stenroos: Business-to-Business Selling in Transition: A Digital Dynamic Managerial Capability Framework 193 Tiina Brandt and Maija Suonpää: Role of Human Capital in Growth Enterprises in Finland: Recruiting and Retaining Talent Book Reviews 211 Families, Values, and the Transfer of Knowledge in Northern Societies, 1500–2000, edited by Ulla Aatsinki, Johanna Annola, and Mervi Kaarninen. Reviewed by Samira Saramo. 214 Songs of the Finnish Migration: A Bilingual Anthology; Based on the Anthology Reisaavaisen laulu Amerikkaan, edited by Simo Westerholm, edited by Thomas A. DuBois and B. Marcus Cederström. Reviewed by Juha Niemelä. 224 The Finnish SS-Volunteers and Atrocities against Jews, Civilians and Prisoners of War in Ukraine and the Caucasus Region 1941–1943: An Archival Survey, by Lars Westerlund. Reviewed by Paul Lubotina. 232 Contributors Editorial This theme issue, Journal of Finnish Studies 23 (2), ventures to an area of inquiry different from the typical themes of this journal: entrepreneurship in Finland. Finland has recently collected superlatives in a number of areas, from the happiest country in the world to the least corrupt country (not to mention Finland’s fame in the field of education). From working on this theme issue as JoFS’s general editor, I have now learned that Finland is also among the best countries for entrepreneurs (Entrepreneurship in Finland). The contributions to this issue encapsulate an attitude toward excellence: after having achieved impressive goals, one should not rest but must engage in a constant quest for further improvement. The articles show innovation and inspiration, and they do not shy away from identi- fying areas where more work is needed. The factors emphasized as prereq- uisites for the maintenance of excellence must include the willingness to invest in entrepreneurial education, to provide opportunities for business students to practice their skills in hands-on settings, and (3) to create and promote opportunities for collaboration between universities and businesses. Knowledge about personality types and human capital and their relationships with successful entrepreneurship must also be sought out, in order to support the growth. Digitalization of sales and commer- cialization of research are examples of changes that must be responded to in both business and the academic world. As Tiina Brandt points out in her introduction to this issue, Finland has done its part by providing an essential boost to entrepreneurship by its financial support during the 2020 pandemic. The guest editor, Dr. Tiina Brandt from Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences, has compiled a collection of articles reflecting cut- ting-edge research on entrepreneurship in Finland. The collection grew out of two important conferences (in 2018 and 2019) held at the Tampere University of Applied Sciences—a concrete factor behind the choice of the Tampere crest for the cover of this issue. But the symbolism of the Tampere crest adds to the rationale behind this selection for our cover: the centrally depicted Tammerkoski Rapids motivated the very establishment of Tampere and enabled its development into a leading industrial town during the early decades of the nineteenth century. The hammer on the crest reminds one of Tampere’s many factories that have had an essential role in re-shaping Finland from an agricultural society into an industrial- ized nation. After World War II, Tampere’s metal industry, which included factories such as Lokomo and Tampella, helped to respond to Finland’s heavy task of paying war reparations (see, e.g., Finnish War Reparations to the Soviet Union). The caduceus on the crest stands not only for com- merce, trade, and logistics; it is also a symbol of messengers and negotia- tion. Let this theme issue be a messenger about Finland’s leading