Brother Number One Answers to Study Guide: History & Social Studies brothernumberone.co.nz/historysocialstudies Contents Page 1. Introduction to the online Study Guide and Answer booklet ……....................... 4 2. The New Zealand Curriculum Achievement Objectives for Social Studies........ 5 3. Introduction to the Film....................................................................................... 6 4. Film Abstract……………………………………………………….......………..…… 7 5. The ‘problem’ of Cambodian history.........………………………………............... 8 6. The Origins and Reign of the Khmer Rouge (1975–1979)…………….......….... 15 7. Extraordinary Chambers of the Court of Cambodia (ECCC)………........…...... 28 8. War crimes tribunals, past and present………………………………........……… 33 9. Problems with the ECCC......……………………………………........................... 36 10. New Zealand/Cambodian relations.............................…………........………….. 41 This icon indicates that a video clip is available to watch. All clips referred to in this guide are hosted on our Vimeo channel at: http://vimeo.com/channels/bnostudyguide2 (History and Social Studies) 3 Brother Number One The questions in the online Guide and this Answer Booklet refer to STUDY GUIDE ANSWER BOOKLET the feature version of Brother Number One (99 mins) although there is overlap with the television version (44 mins). Schools may have History & Social Studies recorded the TV copy legally through Screenrights but we encourage viewers to buy the feature DVD if they are to benefit fully. Legal copies of the Answer Booklet are only available with the purchase of Information on the Study Guide and Answer the Educational version of the DVD. Booklet Students/teachers should watch the film in its entirety, then select questions from the online Guide. Clips from the film, and ‘out-takes’ The following Answer Booklet provides answers and discussion are embedded online providing examples. Teachers and students points written in response to the online Study Guide posted at: could select other examples from the feature should they chose. http://brothernumberone.co.nz/historysocialstudies. Rather than assigning the entire Guide, teachers are advised This Answer Booklet should be read in conjunction with the online to select certain questions as appropriate for their classes and Guide and offers sample answers to the questions posed within it. curriculum design. Most individual questions will lead to in-depth discussion and further links are provided where appropriate. There All clips referred to in this guide are hosted on our Vimeo channel at: is some repetition across the questions and answers according to http://vimeo.com/channels/bnostudyguide2 (History and Social their nature and their respective degrees of difficulty. There are also a Studies) series of extension questions within the Answer Booklet. This Answer Booklet should be read in conjunction with the online THE MATERIAL IS FOR MATURE STUDENTS. Guide and offers sample answers to the questions posed within it. SOME IMAGES MAY BE UPSETTING. Although designed for the New Zealand secondary school Contact us: curriculum, this educational resource is suitable for a more general (and international) audience. [email protected] 4 The New Zealand Curriculum Level 8 Social Sciences Achievement Objectives for Social Students will gain knowledge, skills, and experience to: Studies Social Studies: Understand how policy changes are influenced by and impact on the The following activities are based on the Social Sciences Curriculum rights, roles, and responsibilities of individuals and communities. Achievement Objectives. They may provide a starting point for Social Understand how ideologies shape society and that individuals and Studies and History teachers wishing to design a unit based on the groups respond differently to these beliefs. film. History: Understand that the causes, consequences, and explanations of historical events that are of significance to New Zealanders are complex, and how and why they are contested. Level 7 Social Sciences Understand how trends over time reflect social, economic, and political forces. Students will gain knowledge, skills, and experience in: Social Studies: Understand how communities and nations meet their responsibilities and exercise their rights in local, national, and global contexts. Understand how conflicts can arise from different cultural beliefs and ideas and be addressed in different ways with differing outcomes. History: Understand how historical forces and movements have influenced the causes and consequences of events of significance to New Zealanders. Understand how people’s interpretations of events that are of significance to New Zealanders differ. 5 Introduction to the Film BROTHER NUMBER ONE is a documentary film, which represents Moreover, because the film is told from the perspective of New a traumatic and devastating period in Cambodian history through the Zealander Rob Hamill, and centres upon the death of his older lens of personal loss and social memory. As a tool for teaching and brother Kerry in 1978, at the hands of the Khmer Rouge, the film learning, the film thereby provides a gateway into the complex history also invites New Zealand audiences to consider the relevance of and contemporary politics of Cambodia and the Southeast Asian events in Asia to the broader history of the region. Brother Number Region. Through a series of informative and intimate interviews, One thereby serves to support the ‘Asia Awareness’ mandate in The the film opens up for consideration a series of challenging topics, New Zealand Curriculum (p. 39) which states that links between including the cultural, political and economic conditions which lead learning areas should be explored in order to “develop students’ to the rise of the totalitarian Khmer Rouge regime in the 1970s; the knowledge and understandings in relation to major social, political, use of torture, imprisonment and mass execution under this regime; and economic shifts of the day, for example, through studies of Asia techniques of social control—including the separation of children and the Pacific Rim”. As part of a Social Studies or History unit, from their parents—which characterised the regime; instances of Brother Number One may provide a thought-provoking insight into institutional and individual corruption and the abuse of power; the both past and present relations between New Zealand and Southeast social and cultural consequences of genocide; the subsequent and Asia, in ways which will help students to “develop informed attitudes ongoing revision of national history; and international interventions and values” about the Asia region and “understand how New Zealand in the region—including the United Nations-appointed ‘hybrid’ war is connected to Asia”. In this way, Brother Number One situates crimes tribunal. As such, the film offers rich opportunities to address events in Cambodia’s recent history as pertinent to New Zealand’s learning objectives outlined by The New Zealand Curriculum in national history, and its ongoing relationship with the Asia region. secondary education in the field of Social Sciences. In particular, Thus, the film could be used to support specific History learning the film might enable Social Studies students to “understand how objectives, which enable students to “understand that the causes, conflicts can arise from different cultural beliefs and ideas” and consequences, and explanations of historical events that are of the extent to which the local, national and global consequences of significance to New Zealanders are complex, and how and why they such conflicts “impact on the rights, roles, and responsibilities of are contested”. individuals and communities”. 6 Film Abstract BROTHER NUMBER ONE is a feature documentary that follows Kiwi Rob testifies during the first trial against Comrade Duch, who was rower Rob Hamill as he travels to Cambodia seeking justice for his commander of the notorious torture centre Tuol Sleng (S21), where brother Kerry Hamill, who was tortured and murdered by the Khmer his brother was tortured and murdered. In addition, Rob attempts to Rouge in Cambodia in 1978. retrace his brother’s footsteps, meeting both survivors, who shed light on Kerry’s experience, and perpetrators who caused his suffering. Rob gives a ‘victim’s statement’, outlining the impact of Kerry’s Given that this is the first time Rob has visited Cambodia, the death on his family at the Extraordinary Chamber of the Courts in audience learns, along with him, more about the history and culture Cambodia (ECCC), a war crimes tribunal currently running in Phnom of this devastated country, once called the “Pearl of Asia”. Penh. Thirty-one years after the fact, the ECCC is trying five Khmer Rouge leaders who were responsible for killing up to two million Cambodians in the years 1975–1979. Annie Goldson Watch the clip: Official Film Trailer 7 The ‘problem’ of Cambodian history BROTHER NUMBER ONE is a complex and evocative Prime Minister Hun Sen has notoriously suggested that piece of filmmaking, combining the story of past events Cambodia should “dig a hole and bury the past” and, with a parallel journey today, and a contemporary until recently, official accounts of Cambodian history— court action. This makes the story’s subject matter including school textbooks—simply left out references somewhat unstable, as the past—in terms of events to the Khmer Rouge regime. which took place in Cambodia during the years of the Khmer Rouge