Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2006 Housing Redevelopment and Neighborhood Change as A Gentrification Process in Seoul, Korea: A Case Study of the Wolgok-4 Dong Redevelopment District Kirl Kim Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES HOUSING REDEVELOPMENT AND NEIGHBORHOOD CHANGE AS A GENTRIFICATION PROCESS IN SEOUL, KOREA: A CASE STUDY OF THE WOLGOK-4 DONG REDEVELOPMENT DISTRICT By KIRL KIM A dissertation submitted to the Department of Geography in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2006 Copyright© 2006 Kirl Kim All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Kirl Kim defended on April 14, 2006. Barney Warf Professor Directing Dissertation Tim Chapin Outside Committee Member Dan Klooster Committee Member Jonathan Leib Committee Member Approved: Barney Warf, Chair, Department of Geography David Rasmussen, Dean, College of Social Sciences The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES.............................................................................................................. v LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 Definitions of Gentrification........................................................................................... 3 Research Questions......................................................................................................... 5 Research Methods........................................................................................................... 6 Quantitative Method Using Multivariate Statistics..................................................... 7 Qualitative Method Using Semi-structured Interviews .............................................. 8 Sketch of Dissertation..................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2 COMPETING EXPLANATIONS FOR GENTRIFICATION ................. 10 The Supply-Side Interpretation: The Rent Gap Hypothesis ........................................ 12 The Demand-Side Interpretation: The Post-Industrial City Thesis ............................. 16 The Political Interpretation of Gentrification ............................................................... 19 Integration of Supply- and Demand-Side Interpretations of Gentrification ................. 21 Extensions of Gentrification Research.......................................................................... 22 Summary....................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 3 THE CONTEXT OF GENTRIFICATION IN SEOUL ............................ 27 The General Development of Seoul.............................................................................. 28 Changes in Maximum Residential and Commercial Land Values ............................... 29 The Spatial Pattern of Maximum Residential Land Values...................................... 30 The Spatial Pattern of Maximum Commercial Land Values.................................... 35 Changes in Seoul’s Economy, Labor Force, and Income Structure ............................. 38 The Transformation of Seoul’s Labor Force ............................................................ 41 The Transformation in Earnings and Income Structure............................................ 41 The Demographic Transformation of Seoul ................................................................. 45 Changes in Government Industrial Policies.................................................................. 48 Summary....................................................................................................................... 50 CHAPTER 4 ALTERNATIVE MODELS FOR EXPLAINING GENTRIFICATION IN SEOUL.............................................................................................................................. 52 Analysis of Dong .......................................................................................................... 52 Hypotheses Explaining Gentrification in Seoul............................................................ 55 iii Operational Definition of Gentrification in Seoul and Selection of Independent Variables ....................................................................................................................... 56 Correlations................................................................................................................... 66 Factor Analysis ............................................................................................................. 68 Stepwise Regression from Factor Analysis .................................................................. 81 Summary....................................................................................................................... 82 CHAPTER 5 A CASE STUDY OF GENTRIFICATION: THE WOLGOK4-DONG REDEVELOPMENT........................................................................................................ 84 Description of the Study Area....................................................................................... 84 Location of the Study Area....................................................................................... 85 Before and After Redevelopment ............................................................................. 88 Changes in Residents’ Composition ............................................................................. 93 Gentrifiers’ Demographic Attributes ........................................................................ 94 Gentrifiers’ Economic Attributes.............................................................................. 94 In-Migration Patterns.................................................................................................... 95 Motivations for Movement ....................................................................................... 96 The Role of the Gu Government................................................................................... 99 Summary..................................................................................................................... 100 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................... 103 APPENDIX A................................................................................................................. 107 APPENDIX B ................................................................................................................. 108 APPENDIX C ................................................................................................................. 110 APPENDIX D................................................................................................................. 112 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 114 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................... 120 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1: The Employment Structure of Seoul by Industry, 1991-2001............................ 39 Table 2: Korean TNCs Included Within Global Fortune 500 List, 2005........................ 40 Table 3: Changes in Employment by Occupation in Korea, 1990 and 2000.................... 41 Table 4: Earning Differences by Occupation in Korea, 1990–2000 (Clerks = 100). ....... 42 Table 5: Changes in Average Real Household Income in Korea, 1990 - 2000................ 43 Table 6: Changes in Household Size in Seoul, 1990 and 2000. ....................................... 45 Table 7: Changes in Composition of Females Employed by Marital Status in Korea, 1990-2000. ................................................................................................................ 46 Table 8: Percentage of Professional Workers among Females Employed in Korea, ....... 47 Table 9: Foreign Workers in Korea, 1990 and 2000. ....................................................... 48 Table 10: Statistical Summary of Social Status Indexes and Gentrification Index. ......... 58 Table 11: Independent Variables and Correlations with Gentrification Index across 522 Dong in Seoul. .......................................................................................................... 65 Table 12: Variables and Factor Loadings. ........................................................................ 69 Table 13: Classification of Factors. .................................................................................. 72 Table 14: Results of the Stepwise Regression. ................................................................. 81 Table 15: Joint Redevelopment Projects in Seoul (as of June, 2002)............................... 88 Table 16: Comparison of Housing and Cheonse Prices between Pre- and Post- Redevelopment. (Unit: Won/m2) ............................................................................