MEDITERRANEAN VOYAGES PUBLICATIONS OF THE INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON Series Editor: Ruth Whitehouse Director of the Institute: Stephen Shennan Founding Series Editor: Peter J. Ucko The Institute of Archaeology of University College London is one of the oldest, largest and most prestigious archaeology research facilities in the world. Its extensive publications programme includes the best theory, research, pedagogy and reference materials in archaeology and cognate disciplines, through publishing exemplary work of scholars worldwide. Through its publica- tions, the Institute brings together key areas of theoretical and substantive knowledge, improves archaeological practice and brings archaeological findings to the general public, researchers and practitioners. It also publishes staff research projects, site and survey reports, and conference proceedings. The Institute can be accessed online at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology. Recent Titles Helen Dawson, Mediterranean Voyages Chris J. Stevens, Sam Nixon, Mary Anne Murray, Dorian Q Fuller (eds.), Archaeology of African Plant Use Andrew Bevan and Mark Lake (eds.), Computational Approaches to Archaeological Spaces Sue Colledge, James Conolly, Keith Dobney, Katie Manning, Stephen Shennan (eds.), The Origins and Spread of Domestic Animals in Southwest Asia and Europe Julia Shaw, Buddhist Landscapes of Central India Ralph Haeussler, Becoming Roman? Ethan E. Cochrane and Andrew Gardner (eds.), Evolutionary and Interpretive Archaeologies Andrew Bevan and David Wengrow (eds.), Cultures of Commodity Branding Peter Jordan (ed.), Landscape and Culture in Northern Eurasia Peter Jordan and Marek Zvelebil (eds.), Ceramics Before Farming Marcos Martinón-Torres and Thilo Rehren (eds.), Archaeology, History, and Science Miriam Davis, Dame Kathleen Kenyon Elizabeth Pye (ed.), The Power of Touch Russell McDougall and Iain Davidson (eds.), The Roth Family, Anthropology, and Colonial Administration Eleni Asouti and Dorian Q. Fuller, Trees and Woodlands of South India Tony Waldron, Paleoepidemiology Janet Picton, Stephen Quirke, and Paul C. Roberts (eds.), Living Images Timothy Clack and Marcus Brittain (eds.), Archaeology and the Media Sue Colledge and James Conolly (eds.), The Origins and Spread of Domestic Plants in Southwest Asia and Europe Gustavo Politis, Nukak Sue Hamilton, Ruth Whitehouse, and Katherine I. Wright (eds.), Archaeology and Women Information on older titles in this series can be obtained from the Left Coast Press, Inc. website at http://www.LCoastPress.com. MEDITERRANEAN VOYAGES The Archaeology of Island Colonisation and Abandonment Helen Dawson Walnut Creek, California LEFT COAST PRESS, INC. 1630 North Main Street, #400 Walnut Creek, CA 94596 http://www.LCoastPress.com Copyright: 2014 by Left Coast Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval sys- tem, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN 978-1-61132-994-0 hardback ISBN 978-1-61132-996-4 institutional eBook ISBN 978-1-61132-746-5 consumer eBook Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Dawson, Helen (Helen Sarah) Mediterranean voyages : the archaeology of island colonisation and abandonment /Helen Dawson. pages cm. — (Publications of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61132-994-0 (hardback) ISBN 978-1-61132-996-4 (institutional ebook) ISBN 978-1-61132-746-5 (consumer ebook) 1. Island archaeology—Mediterranean Region. 2. Prehistoric peoples—Mediterranean Region. 3. Antiquities, Prehistoric—Mediterranean Region. 4. Mediterranean Region—Colonization. 5. Excavations (Archaeology)—Mediterranean Region. I. Title. GN848.D38 2013 937—dc23 2013022301 Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American Na- tional Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992. CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS............................................................................................7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................................................11 CHAPTER 1: ISLAND ARCHAEOLOGIES .................................................................13 CHAPTER 2: THE MEDITERRANEAN: PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL SPACES .........22 CHAPTER 3: THEORIES OF COLONISATION ..........................................................42 CHAPTER 4: ISLAND COLONISATION IN THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN ......69 CHAPTER 5: ISLAND COLONISATION IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN......123 CHAPTER 6: REDEFINING ISLAND COLONISATION............................................146 CHAPTER 7: THEORIES OF ABANDONMENT.......................................................180 CHAPTER 8: ISLANDS IN TIME ............................................................................209 CHAPTER 9: MEDITERRANEAN VOYAGES ...........................................................260 REFERENCES ..........................................................................................................270 INDEX ....................................................................................................................317 ABOUT THE AUTHOR.............................................................................................324 To Karsten and Charlotte & To my parents ILLUSTRATIONS Figures Cover: Punta Milazzese, Panarea, Middle Bronze Age village Fig. 2.1 Map of the Mediterranean region......................................................................23 Fig. 2.2a–c The Mediterranean coastline at 20, 12, and 6 kyr BP ...............................28 Fig. 2.3 The Italian coastline at 12 kyr BP ......................................................................30 Fig 2.4 The Aegean coastline at 12 kyr BP .....................................................................31 Fig 2.5 Neolithic art inside Grotta del Genovese...........................................................32 Fig. 3.1 Island biogeography: stepping-stone effect and target–distance ratio .........44 Fig. 3.2 Cherry’s (1981) cumulative plot of island colonisation..................................50 Fig. 4.1 Map of the Spanish islands with location of sites discussed in text .............72 Fig. 4.2 Map of the Îles d’Hyères......................................................................................82 Fig. 4.3 Map of Sardinia and Corsica with location of sites discussed in text ..........84 Fig. 4.4 Map of the north-central Tyrrhenian islands...................................................91 Fig. 4.5 Detail of central Tyrrhenian islands ..................................................................94 Fig. 4.6 Plan of Vivara with archaeological sites ............................................................94 Fig. 4.7 Map of Sicily and its minor islands....................................................................96 Fig. 4.8 Map of western Sicily: Ègadi Islands and Mozia ...........................................103 Fig. 4.9 Grotta del Genovese, Levanzo, as seen from the sea.....................................104 Fig. 4.10 Map of main archaeological sites in the Aeolian archipelago ...................106 Fig. 4.11 Map of the south-central Mediterranean .....................................................108 Fig. 4.12 Map of Maltese archipelago with sites discussed in text............................110 Fig. 4.13 Map of northeastern Morocco and western Algerian coast with islands discussed in text ..............................................................................................112 Fig. 4.14 Map of southeastern Tunisian islands...........................................................113 Fig. 4.15 Map of central Adriatic island bridge ...........................................................118 Fig. 4.16 Map of the northern Adriatic islands............................................................121 Fig. 5.1 Map of the Ionian islands with sites discussed in text..................................124 Fig. 5.2 Map of the southwest Aegean islands .............................................................127 Fig. 5.3 Map of the Aegean showing location of key sites in the Cyclades .............129 Fig. 5.4 Map of southeast Aegean islands .....................................................................132 Fig. 5.5 Map of northeast Aegean islands.....................................................................134 Fig. 5.6 Map of Crete with sites discussed in text .......................................................137 Fig. 5.7 Map of Cyprus with sites discussed in text ....................................................140 Fig. 6.1 Revised cumulative colonisation plot for the eastern and western Mediterranean islands ..................................................................................150 Fig. 6.2 Rates of colonisation in the eastern and western Mediterranean islands....153 Fig. 6.3 The effect of distance in the colonisation of the western Mediterranean islands .................................................................................................154 Fig. 6.4 The effect of distance in the colonisation of the eastern Mediterranean islands .................................................................................................154 Fig. 6.5 The effect of size in the colonisation