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Xerox University MicrofiSms 300 North Zeet) Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 I I 77-1827 HERNANDO, Orlando Maravillas, 1927- THE UNITED STATES AND THE PHILIPPINES, 1946- 1975: A STUDY OF A SMALL POWER IN AN ALLIANCE. The University of Oklahoma, Ph.D., 1976 Political Science, international law and relations Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 4sio6 THE UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE UNITED STATES AND THE PHILIPPINES 1945-1975 A STUDY OP A SMALL POWER IN AN ALLIANCE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE COLLEGE in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY ORLANDO M. HERNANDO Norman, Oklahoma 1975 THE UNITED STATES AND THE PHILIPPINES, 1946-1975: A STUDY OP A SMALL POWER IN AN ALLIANCE APPROVED BY DISSERTATION COMMITTEE ABSTRACT The purpose of this investigation is to describe and analyze the alliance between the United States and the Philippines utilizing a conceptual framework that suggest small power motives for joining, adhering, or withdrawing from an alliance: (1) security in relation to the geogra­ phical situation; (2) prestige in the international com­ munity; (3) domestic stability; (4) economic aid and mi­ litary assistance; and (5) ideology. Through the use of primary and secondary sources, this investigation analyzes the alliance in three parts. Part I is the preliminary considerations section. It includes the introduction, the discussion of the defini­ tions and concepts of alliance and small power, and the general background about the Philippines regarding its history, economy, politics, geography, and foreign policy. Part II describes and analyzes the principal treaties of the alliance. Part III presents the problems, prospects, and alternatives open to the Philippines with regard to the alliance; and the conclusions and observations developed by the investigation. On the basis of the conceptual frame­ work, the Philippines' motives for joining the alliance were based on her need for security, prestige, domestic stabili­ ty, economic aid and military assistance, and because of her ideological affinity with the United States. Because these factors still play an important role in assessing the future security needs of the Philippines, the Philippines may find it difficult to scrap the alliance and attempt to experiment with other foreign policies like neutrality or nonalignment, or alliance with other powers or regional associations. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This dissertation owes a large debt of gratitude to Americans and Filipinos who worked together in the building of a new nation. There was a missionary named Dr. Hall with whom my mother worked. Together they labored to heal the sick and the injured, so that by example and by deed, the ideals of Christianity may be learned by Filipinos. Another Dr. Hall, Dr. Rufus Hall, Jr., worked very hard to encourage and assist me in the writing of this dissertation in order that I could complete my studies at the University of Okla­ homa . I thank all my teachers, both American and Filipino; the missionaries who encouraged me to continue my education in the United States; the members of my dissertation com­ mittee— Dr. Donald E. Secrest, Dr. Paul A. Tharp, Jr., and Dr. V. Stanley Vardys— and many individuals who offered encouragement and material assistance in one form or another. I thank the University of the Philippines for graduate fellowships; Kansas State University for a graduate assis- i tantship that provided the opportunity for me to travel to the United States for graduate studies; the University of Oklahoma for a graduate assistantship and many opportunities to help me in my education; and Central Philippine Univer­ sity for the development of my ideas and ideals. Mr. Savoie Lottinville, eminent historian and editor, generously gave of his busy time and splendid energy to read the entire manuscript and offered numerous critical sugges­ tions toward improving the style and format of the disser­ tation. Mr. John Fowler, MA in history, read earlier drafts and gave the manuscript the benefit of a critical and per­ ceptive mind. The author thanks his family for their patience and understanding and dedicates this work to his father, Fernando Hernando, and his mother, Feliciana Maravillas. XX TABLn OF CONTENTS PART I. BACKGROUND AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Page Chapter I. INTRODUCTION . ........ 4 Chapter II. THE CONCEPTS OF ALLIANCE AND THE SMALL STATE ............. 22 Chapter III, THE PHILIPPINES: GENERAL BACKGROUND ...................... 51 PART II. THE FRAMEWORK OF THE ALLIANCE Chapter IV. THE AGREEMENTS ON MILITARY BASES AND MILITARY ASSISTANCE 90 Chapter V. THE TREATY OF MUTUAL DEFENSE 167 Chapter VI. THE SOUTHEAST ASIA COLLECTIVE DEFENSE TREATY ................. 182 PART III. PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE ALLIANCE Chapter VII. THE TROUBLED PARTNERSHIP (1946-1975) .......... 204 Chapter VIII. THE FUTURE OF THE ALLIANCE . 241 Chapter IX. CONCLUSIONS AND OBSERVATIONS . 280 lix Page BIBLIOGRAPHY..................................... 293 APPENDIX Preliminary Statement of General Principles Pertaining to the United States Military Base System in the Philippines to be Used As a Basis for Detailed Discussions and Staff Studies .............................. 32 3 Agreement Between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America Concerning Military Bases ........ 32.5 Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Government of the United States of America on Military Assistance to the Philippines................................ 345 Mutual Defense Treaty Between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States of America ................. 353 Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty and Protocol Between the United States and Other Governments .... 356 Chronological History of Philippine- American Relations ........................ 363 Official Visits to the Philippines and to the United S t a t e s ................. 370 IV PART I BACKGROUND AND GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS During the unsettled and chaotic period following the end of World War II in the Pacific, he Philippines and the United States entered into a series of negotiations which culminated in the signing of several treaties and agree­ ments, the most important of which are the treaties on military bases, mutual defense, military assistance, and the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty. These agree­ ments aye considered to be mutually beneficial to the two nations in relation to their respective national objectives, For the Philippines, the agreements provide guaranties for the protection of its national security and the pre­ servation of its political independence. For the United States, the agreements enable that great power to project its role as a Pacific power in the pursuit of its policy of preventing the dominance of Asia by any single power in the world. The treaties also provide protection for the United States territory by the establishment of for­ ward bases in the Far East, As a result of these agreements, the United States and the Philippines established what is technically called in international law and relations as an alliance. It is 2 the purpose of this investigation to identify and describe the reasons for that alliance between the United States and the Philippines— one a great power and the other a small power; the issues and problems that have produced stresses and strains in that alliance; and the prospects of that alliance in the light of evolving events in the external and internal environments of the Philippines. Part I of this study explores the background and general considerations pertinent