Final Report Polish Space Agency Understanding of Space Safety for the needs of future projects and activities of the National Space Program December 2020 2 Final Report | www.pwc.fr/space Understanding of Space Safety for the needs of future projects and activities of the National Space Program | Polish Space Agency Table of content Table of content ...................................................................................................................... 3 Table of figures ....................................................................................................................... 4 Table of Tables ....................................................................................................................... 5 Acronyms................................................................................................................................ 6 Context and objectives of the study .............................................................................. 8 Context .................................................................................................................................................. 8 Objectives of the study ........................................................................................................................... 9 Scope of the report ................................................................................................................................ 9 State of Play analysis ................................................................................................. 11 Governance of Space Activities in Poland ............................................................................................ 11 The satellite manufacturing market ...................................................................................................... 11 Earth Obseravtion ................................................................................................................................ 18 Satellite Communication ...................................................................................................................... 24 Satellite Navigation .............................................................................................................................. 29 Space exploration and Space Resource Utilisation .............................................................................. 34 Space Situational Awareness and Space Safety .................................................................................. 38 Concept Identification ................................................................................................. 63 Concept presentation ........................................................................................................................... 63 Recommendation on potential strategic positioning for Poland ............................................................. 64 Identification and assessment of priorities and opportunities for Poland ................... 67 Priority 1: Support and enhance the positioning of Polish Space companies ........................................ 67 Priority 2: Enhance Poland's positioning in the EU and reduce dependency on third countries ............. 69 Priority 3: Consolidate Poland’s legal framework in the field of space safety and space resource utilization ......................................................................................................................................................... 70 Priority 4: Increase awareness on space sustainability ......................................................................... 71 Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 72 Recommendation 1 – Develop a favourable ecosystem allowing Polish companies to grow within Space Sustainability opportunities .............................................................................................................................. 73 Recommendation 2 – Develop Poland’s strategic autonomy in the field of Space Sustainability ........... 77 Recommendation 3 – Develop Poland’s legal framework for Space Sustainability and Space Resource Utilisation activities .......................................................................................................................................... 80 Recommendation 4 – Promote awareness on space sustainability ...................................................... 89 3 Final Report | www.pwc.fr/space Understanding of Space Safety for the needs of future projects and activities of the National Space Program | Polish Space Agency Table of figures Figure 1: Overview of the satellite manufacturing value chain ......................................................................... 12 Figure 2: Satellite manufacturing market share by space applications ............................................................. 13 Figure 3: Overview of the Earth Observation (EO) value chain ........................................................................ 19 Figure 4: Market share distribution of EO products and services in 2017 ......................................................... 20 Figure 5: Overview of the Satellite Communication (Satcom) value chain........................................................ 25 Figure 6: Global satcom revenues in 2019, segmented by satcom applications............................................... 26 Figure 7: Overview of existing Global Navigation Satellite Systems and Infrastructures .................................. 30 Figure 8: Overview of the space exploration value chain ................................................................................. 34 Figure 9: Overview of the Space Situational Awareness value chain ............................................................... 39 Figure 10: Overview of observation sensors technologies and configurations ................................................. 41 Figure 11: The EU SST Framework Governance Scheme............................................................................... 46 Figure 12: Distribution of US Space Surveillance Network sensors ................................................................. 49 Figure 13: ISON’s Geographical distribution of sensors, 2017 ......................................................................... 50 Figure 14: Mapping of EU SST sensors (2019) ............................................................................................... 53 Figure 15: Overview of the ESA SSA Programme organization and activities .................................................. 55 Figure 16: List of main private and commercial service providers in the field of SSA ....................................... 60 Figure 17: Scope of activities composing Lunar exploration ............................................................................ 63 Figure 18: Identified priorities .......................................................................................................................... 67 Figure 19: Overview of recommendations and associated actions ................................................................... 72 Figure 20: Summary of Action 1.1 ................................................................................................................... 75 Figure 21: Summary of action 1.2 .................................................................................................................... 76 Figure 22: Summary of Action 1.3 ................................................................................................................... 77 Figure 23: Summary of Action 2.1 ................................................................................................................... 79 Figure 24: Summary of Action 2.2 ................................................................................................................... 80 Figure 25: Summary of Action 3.1 ................................................................................................................... 82 Figure 26: Summary of Action 3.2 ................................................................................................................... 84 Figure 27: Summary of Action 3.3 ................................................................................................................... 86 Figure 28: Summary of Action 3.4 ................................................................................................................... 88 Figure 29: Summary of Action 4.1 ................................................................................................................... 90 Figure 30: Summary of Action 4.2 ................................................................................................................... 92 Figure 31: Summary of Action 4.3 ................................................................................................................... 93 4 Final Report | www.pwc.fr/space Understanding of Space Safety for the needs of future projects and activities of the National Space Program | Polish Space Agency Table of Tables Table 1: List of main small satellite system developers and manufactures (non-exhaustive) ........................... 14 Table 2: Classification of small satellite types .................................................................................................. 15 Table 3: Polish small satellite